Advanced Coatings
Low emittance and solar control coatings for increased building energy efficiency
Advanced Coatings
Advanced coatings selectively admit visible light and reject the thermal infrared. Switchable, dynamic coatings on glass or films have properties that are passively or actively controlled to modulate admission of light and heat. In collaboration with industry, LBNL material scientists continue to improve thin-film coatings and switchable device properties, manufacturability, and durability.
Publications
2018
. "Innovative Glazing Materials." Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings A Life Cycle Approach. Cambridge: Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Inc., 2018. LBNL-2001193. 
PDF (801.46 KB)
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PDF (801.46 KB)2014
. "Asymmetric particle fluxes from drifting ionization zones in sputtering magnetrons." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 23.2 (2014) 025007.
. "Drifting Ionization Zone in DC Magnetron Sputtering Discharges at Very Low Currents." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42.10 (2014) 2578 - 2579.
2013
. "Spectroscopic imaging of self-organization in high power impulse magnetron sputtering plasmas." Applied Physics Letters 103.5 (2013) 054104.
. "Drifting potential humps in ionization zones: The “propeller blades” of high power impulse magnetron sputtering." Applied Physics Letters 103.14 (2013) 144103.
. "Modeling of optical and energy performance of tungsten-oxide-based electrochromic windows including their intermediate states." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 108 (2013) 129 - 135.
2012
. "Drifting localization of ionization runaway: Unraveling the nature of anomalous transport in high power impulse magnetron sputtering." Journal of Applied Physics 111.5 (2012) 053304.
. "The ‘recycling trap’: a generalized explanation of discharge runaway in high-power impulse magnetron sputtering." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 45.1 (2012) 012003.
. "Improved structural and electrical properties of thin ZnO:Al films by dc filtered cathodic arc deposition." Journal of Materials Research 27.05 (2012) 857 - 862.
2011
. "A Plasma Lens for Magnetron Sputtering." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 39.11 (2011) 2528 - 2529.
. "Dynamically Modulating the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals." Nano Letters 11.10 (2011) 4415 - 4420.
. "Achieving high mobility ZnO:Al at very high growth rates by dc filtered cathodic arc deposition." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44.23 (2011) 232003-232007. LBNL-5585E. PDF (4.57 MB)
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PDF (4.57 MB)2010
. "Supersonic metal plasma impact on a surface: an optical investigation of the pre-surface region." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43.13 (2010). LBNL-2982E. PDF (1.17 MB)
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PDF (1.17 MB)2009
. "High quality ZnO:Al transparent conducting oxide films synthesized by pulsed filtered cathodic arc deposition." Thin Solid Films (2009). LBNL-1881E. PDF (1.02 MB)
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PDF (1.02 MB)2008
. "Phase transitions in non-hydride switchable mirror thin films." Phase Transitions 81.7-8 (2008) 807 - 813.
. "The structure and electron energy loss near edge structure of tungsten oxide thin films prepared by pulsed cathodic arc deposition and plasma-assisted pulsed magnetron sputtering." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20 (2008) 175216. LBNL-580E. PDF (429.97 KB)
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PDF (429.97 KB) . "Spatial distribution of average charge state and deposition rate in high power impulse magnetron sputtering of copper." Journal of Physics D 41 (2008) 135210-1-6. LBNL-679E. PDF (576.04 KB)
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PDF (576.04 KB) . "Self-sputtering runaway in high power impulse magnetron sputtering: The role of secondary electrons and multiply charged metal ions." Applied Physics Letters 92.20 (2008). LBNL-171E. PDF (187.4 KB)
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PDF (187.4 KB) . "Deposition Rates of High Power Impulse Magneton Sputtering." 51st Annual Technical Meeting of the Society of Vacuum Coaters. 2008. LBNL-170E. PDF (267.34 KB)
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PDF (267.34 KB) . "Self-sputtering far above the runaway threshold: an extraordinary metal ion generator." Physical Review Letters (2008). LBNL-1641E. PDF (490.68 KB)
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PDF (490.68 KB) . "Observation of Ti4+ ions in a high power impulse magnetron sputtering plasma." Applied Physics Letters 93.7 (2008) 71504. LBNL-680E. PDF (234.46 KB)
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PDF (234.46 KB) . "Functionalization of Hydrogen-free Diamond-like Carbon Films using Open-air Dielectric Barrier Discharge Atmospheric Plasma Treatments." Applied Surface Science 254.17 (2008). LBNL-265E. PDF (465.79 KB)
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PDF (465.79 KB) . "Gasless sputtering: Opportunities for ultraclean metallization, coatings in space, and propulsion." Applied Physics Letters 92 (2008) 221503. LBNL-190E. PDF (348.59 KB)
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PDF (348.59 KB) . "Electrochromically switched, gas-reservoir metal hydride devices with application to energy-efficient windows." Thin Solid Films 1 (2008). LBNL-1089E. PDF (1.67 MB)
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PDF (1.67 MB)2007
. "Plasma and Ion Assistance in Physical Vapor Deposition: A Historical Perspective." 50th Technical Annual Meeting of the Society of Vacuum Coaters. 2007. LBNL-61903. PDF (1 MB)
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PDF (1 MB) . "Physics of High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering." ISSP2007: The 9th International Symposium on Sputtering & Plasma Processes. 2007. LBNL-62147. PDF (411.54 KB)
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PDF (411.54 KB) . "Physical properties of erbium implanted tungsten oxide films deposited by reactive dual magnetron sputtering." Thin Solid Films 515.13 (2007) 5264-5269. LBNL-62248. PDF (852.72 KB)
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PDF (852.72 KB) . "A low-energy linear oxygen plasma source." Review of Scientific Instruments 78.4 (2007). LBNL-62169. PDF (4.61 MB)
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PDF (4.61 MB)2006
. "Structural, optical and electrical properties of WOxNy films deposited by reactive dual magnetron sputtering." Surface and Coatings Technology 201.6 (2006) 2977-2983. LBNL-59900. PDF (313.77 KB)
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PDF (313.77 KB) . "Smoothing of ultrathin silver films by transition metal seeding." Applied Physics Letters (2006). LBNL-59621. PDF (249.18 KB)
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PDF (249.18 KB) . "Plasma biasing to control the growth conditions of diamond-like carbon." Surface and Coatings Technology 201.8 (2006) 4628-4632. LBNL-59023. PDF (573.71 KB)
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PDF (573.71 KB) . "Metal plasmas for the fabrication of nanostructures." J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (2006). LBNL-61665. PDF (857.33 KB)
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PDF (857.33 KB) . "Filtered cathodic arc deposition with ion-species-selective bias." Review of Scientific Instruments (2006). LBNL-61733. PDF (317.89 KB)
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PDF (317.89 KB)2005
. "Energetic or Not Energetic: Considerations for Fabricating Nanostructures by Physical Vapor Deposition." NanoSingapore 2006: IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies - Nanoelectrics, January 10-13. Singapore, 2005. LBNL-57734 Ext. Abs. PDF (111.63 KB)
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PDF (111.63 KB)Presented as Invited Talk atNanoSingapore 2006: IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies – NanoelectronicsSingaporeJanuary 10-13, 2006
. "Physics of Arcing, and Implications to Sputter Deposition." Thin Solid Films (2005). LBNL-54220 . PDF (117.61 KB)
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PDF (117.61 KB) . "Plasma and Ion Sources in Large Area Coatings: A Review." 2005. LBNL-57127. PDF (882.64 KB)
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PDF (882.64 KB) . "Plasma-Based Ion Implantation and Deposition: A Review of Physics, Technology, and Applications." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 33 (2005) 1944-1959. LBNL-57610. PDF (448.97 KB)
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PDF (448.97 KB)2004
. "Time-Dependence of Ion Charge State Distributions of Vacuum Arcs: An Interpretation Involving Atoms and Charge Exchange Collisions." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 33 (2004) 205-209. LBNL-56214. PDF (304.46 KB)
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PDF (304.46 KB) . "Observation of Self-Sputtering in Energetic Condensation of Metal Ions." Applied Physics Letters 85 (2004) 6137-6139. LBNL-55876. PDF (161.52 KB)
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PDF (161.52 KB) . "Effect of Ion Mass and Charge State on Transport Vacuum Arc Plasmas Through a Biased Magnetic Filter." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 32.2 (2004) 433-439. LBNL-53728. PDF (249.09 KB)
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PDF (249.09 KB) . "Charge-State-Resolved Ion Energy Distributions of Aluminum Vacuum Arcs." Journal of Applied Physics 97 (2004). LBNL-56327. PDF (273.27 KB)
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PDF (273.27 KB)2003
. "Surface Engineering of Glazing Materials and Structures Using Plasma Processes." Glass Processing Days 2003 . Tampere, Finland, 2003. LBNL-52436. PDF (321.78 KB)
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PDF (321.78 KB) . "Physics of Arcing, and Implications to Sputter Deposition." International Conference on Coatings on Glass. Saarbrucken, Germany, 2003. LBNL-54220. PDF (224.27 KB)
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PDF (224.27 KB) . "Lithium-Based Electrochromic Mirrors." 203rd Meeting of the Electrochemical Society. Paris, France, 2003. LBNL-52870. PDF (254.37 KB)
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PDF (254.37 KB) . "Fundamentals of Pulsed Plasmas for Materials Processing." Surface and Coatings Technology 183 (2003) 301-311. LBNL-51683. PDF (775.85 KB)
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PDF (775.85 KB) . "Effect of Underlayer on Coalescence of Silver Islands Grown by Filtered Cathodic Arc Deposition." The International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films (ICMCTF 2003). San Diego, 2003. LBNL-51568. PDF (4.75 MB)
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PDF (4.75 MB) . "Coalescence of Nanometer Silver Islands on Oxides Grown by Filtered Cathodic Arc Deposition." Applied Physics Letters 82 (2003) 1634-1636. LBNL-51307. PDF (1.28 MB)
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PDF (1.28 MB)2002
. Materials, processes, and issues in low-emissivity and solar control coatings. 2002. LBID-2452. PDF (1.1 MB)
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PDF (1.1 MB) . "X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Transition Metal-Magnesium Hydride Thin Films." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 356-357 (2002) 204-207. LBNL-50574. PDF (326.77 KB)
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PDF (326.77 KB) . "Structural and Electronic Properties of Magnesium-3D Transition Metal Switchable Mirrors." Fifth International Meeting on Electrochromism. Golden, CO, 2002. LBNL-51415.
. "New Electrochromic Mirror Systems." Solid State Ionics. Vol. 165. Golden, CO, 2002. 305-308. LBNL-51416. PDF (92.34 KB)
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PDF (92.34 KB) . "In Situ X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Hydrogen Absorption by Nickel-Magnesium Thin Films." Physical Review B 67.8 (2002). LBNL-51067. PDF (323.61 KB)
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PDF (323.61 KB) . "Calculation of Thermodynamic, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Monoclinic Mg2NiH4." Journal of Applied Physics 91.8 (2002) 4879-4885. LBNL-47519. PDF (194.94 KB)
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PDF (194.94 KB) . "Bias and Self-Bias of Magnetic Macroparticle Filters for Cathodic Arc Plasmas." Journal of Applied Physics 93 (2002) 8890-8897. LBNL-51790. PDF (626.72 KB)
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PDF (626.72 KB)2001
. "Switchable Mirrors Based on Nickel-Magnesium Films." Applied Physics Letters 78.20 (2001) 3047-3049. LBNL-47180. PDF (230.76 KB)
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PDF (230.76 KB) . "Mixed Metal Films with Switchable Optical Properties." Applied Physics Letters 80.8 (2001) 1349-1351. LBNL-49043. PDF (337.34 KB)
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PDF (337.34 KB)2000
. "Liquid Phase Deposition of Electrochromic Thin Films." Electrochimica Acta. Vol. 46. Uppsala, Sweden, 2000. 2119-2123. LBNL-46612. PDF (247.49 KB)
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PDF (247.49 KB) . "Electrochromism in Copper Oxide Thin Films." 4th International Meeting on Electrochromism. Uppsala, Sweden, 2000. LBNL-46510. PDF (211.49 KB)
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PDF (211.49 KB)1999
. "Solid State Gadolinium-Magnesium Hydride Optical Switch." Applied Physics Letters 75.13 (1999) 1863-1865. LBNL-43417. PDF (69.25 KB)
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PDF (69.25 KB) . "Refractive Index Changes of Pd-Coated Magnesium Ianthanide Switchable Mirrors Upon Hydrogen Insertion." Journal of Applied Physics 85.1 (1999) 408-413. LBNL-41976. PDF (396.85 KB)
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PDF (396.85 KB) . "Evaluation of the Plasma Distribution of a Quasi-Linear Constricted Plasma Source." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 27.1 (1999) 82-83. LBNL-42016. PDF (496.19 KB)
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PDF (496.19 KB)1998
. "Tungsten-Vanadium Oxide Sputtered Films for Electrochromic Devices." Electrochemical Society: Molecular Functions of Electroactive Thin Films. Vol. 98-26. Boston, MA, 1998. LBNL-42381. PDF (200.54 KB)
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PDF (200.54 KB) . "Optical Constants of Sputter-Deposited Ti-Ce Oxide and Zr-Ce Oxide Films." Applied Optics 37.25 (1998) 5993-6001. LBNL-42059. PDF (179.08 KB)
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PDF (179.08 KB) . "Ellipsometry on Sputter Deposited Tin Oxide Films: Optical Constants Versus Stoichiometry Hydrogen Content, and Amount of Electrochemically Intercalated Lithium." Applied Optics 37 (1998) 7734-7741. LBNL-41820. PDF (276.21 KB)
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PDF (276.21 KB) . "Electrochromic lithium nickel oxide by pulsed laser deposition and sputtering." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 54.1-4 (1998) 59-66. LBNL-39411. PDF (186.29 KB)
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PDF (186.29 KB) . "Electrochromic Lithium Nickel Oxide Thin Films by RF-Sputtering from a LiNiO2 Target." Electrochimica Acta 44 (1998) 3085-3092. LBNL-42276. PDF (501.12 KB)
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PDF (501.12 KB) . "Effect of Hydrogen Insertion on the Optical Properties of PD-Coated Magnesium Lanthanides." Electrochimica Acta (1998). LBNL-42277. PDF (188.7 KB)
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PDF (188.7 KB)1997
. "Pressure Controlled GaN MBE Growth Using a Hollow Anode Nitrogen Ion Source." . Materials Research Society Proceedings 449.221 (1997). LBNL-39851. PDF (678.27 KB)
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PDF (678.27 KB)1996 MRS Fall Meeting
. "Influence of stoichiometry on the electrochromic cerium-titanium oxide compounds." 11th International Conference of Solid State Ionics. Honolulu, Hawaii, 1997. LBNL-41550. PDF (205.33 KB)
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PDF (205.33 KB) . "Effective Medium Approximation of the Optical properties of electrochromic cerium-titanium oxide compounds." SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3138. San Diego, CA, 1997. 19-Sep. LBNL-40668. PDF (639.58 KB)
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PDF (639.58 KB) . "Analysis of Binary Electrochromic Tungsten Oxides with Effective Medium Theory." Thin Solid Films 308-309 (1997) 50-55. LBNL-40096. PDF (911.75 KB)
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PDF (911.75 KB)1996
. Optical and Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Deposited Doped Tungsten Oxide Films. Berkeley, 1996. LBID-2163. PDF (839.67 KB)
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PDF (839.67 KB) . "Strain Related Phenomena in GaN Thin Films." . Physical Review B 54.24 (1996) 17745-17753. LBNL-39079. PDF (1.34 MB)
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PDF (1.34 MB) . "Sol-Gel Deposited Electrochromic Films for Electrochromic Smart Window Glass." International Symposium on Glass Problems, International Commission on Glass. Istanbul, Turkey, 1996. LBNL-39852. PDF (1.04 MB)
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PDF (1.04 MB) . "Origin of Strain in GaN Thin Films." 23rd International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors. . Vol. 4. Singapore, 1996. 513. LBNL-39853. PDF (276.66 KB)
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PDF (276.66 KB) . "Optical Indices of Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide." Thin Solid Films 306.1 (1996) 10-16. LBNL-39687. PDF (617.73 KB)
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PDF (617.73 KB) . "Optical Indices of Lithiated Electrochromic Oxides." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 54.1-4 (1996) 49-57. LBNL-39410. PDF (352.74 KB)
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PDF (352.74 KB) . "Optical Indices of Pyrolitic Tin-Oxide Glass." Materials Research Society 1996 Spring Meeting. Vol. 426. San Francisco, CA, 1996. LBL-38586. PDF (99.32 KB)
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PDF (99.32 KB) . "Optical Modeling of a Complete Electrochromic Device." 2nd International Conference on Electrochromics. San Diego, CA, 1996. LBNL-39594. PDF (349.94 KB)
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PDF (349.94 KB) . "Impact of Growth Temperature, Pressure and Strain on the Morphology of GaN Films." . Materials Research Society Symposium N – III-V Nitrides 1996: 227. LBNL-39850. PDF (767.44 KB)
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PDF (767.44 KB) . "Electrochromic Lithium Nickel Oxide Thin Film by Pulsed Laser Deposition." Electrochemical Society Meeting. Vol. 96-24. San Antonio, TX, 1996. 54-63. LBNL-39593. PDF (362.66 KB)
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PDF (362.66 KB) . "Analysis of Durability in Lithium Nickel Oxide Electrochromic Materials and Devices." 2nd International Meeting on Electrochromism. San Diego, CA, 1996. LBNL-39633. PDF (154.42 KB)
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PDF (154.42 KB)1995
. "Working Principle of the Hollow-Anode Plasma Source." Plasma Source Science and Technology 4.4 (1995) 571-575. LBL-36240. PDF (638.02 KB)
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PDF (638.02 KB) . "Thermal Annealing Characteristics of Si and Mg-implanted GaN Thin Films." Applied Physics Letters 68.19 (1995) 2702-2704. LBL-37372. PDF (244.25 KB)
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PDF (244.25 KB) . "Switchable Glazing: Science and Technology of Smart Windows." Society of Vacuum Coaters 38th Annual Technical Conference . 1995. LBNL-39072. PDF (960.29 KB)
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PDF (960.29 KB) . "Structural and Optical Properties of Sol-Gel Deposited Proton Conducting Ta2O5 Films." 8th International Workshop on Glasses and Ceramics From Gels. Faro, Portugal, 1995. LBL-37800. PDF (478.02 KB)
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PDF (478.02 KB) . "Sol-Gel Deposited Electrochromic Coatings." Am. Optical Society, Technical Digest. Vol. 17. Tucson, AZ, 1995. 344-347. LBL-38527. PDF (302.01 KB)
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PDF (302.01 KB) . "Sol-Gel Deposited Amorphous Tantalum Oxide and Niobium Oxide Films as Protonic Conductors." Window Innovations 95 Conference Proceedings. Toronto, Canada, 1995. LBL-38526. PDF (1.45 MB)
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PDF (1.45 MB) . "Preparation and Properties of Spin-Coated Nb2O5 Films by the Sol-Gel Process for Electrochemical Applications." Thin Solid Films 277.1-2 (1995) 162-168. LBNL-39008. PDF (1.37 MB)
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PDF (1.37 MB) . "Optical and Electrochemical Characteristics of Niobium Oxide Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Process and Magnetron Sputtering: A Comparison." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 40.4 (1995) 285-296. LBNL-39007. PDF (590.36 KB)
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PDF (590.36 KB) . "Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Sol-gel Spin Coated CeO2-TiO2 Films." SPIE Meeting. San Diego, CA, 1995. LBL-37390. PDF (530.81 KB)
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PDF (530.81 KB) . "Optical Indices of the Tin-doped Indium Oxide and Tungsten Oxide Electrochromic Coatings." Material Research Society Symposium . Vol. 403. 1995. 551-556. LBL-38042. PDF (408.57 KB)
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PDF (408.57 KB) . "The Influence of Nitrogen Ion Energy on the Quality of GaN Films Grown with Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Journal of Electronic Materials 24.4 (1995) 249-255. LBL-37223. PDF (719.22 KB)
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PDF (719.22 KB) . "Formation of Metal Oxides by Cathodic Arc Deposition." International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films, April 24-28, 1995. San Diego, CA, 1995. LBL-36166. PDF (807.96 KB)
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PDF (807.96 KB) . "Electrochemical Lithium Insertion in Sol-gel Deposited LiNbO3 Films." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 39.2-4 (1995) 367-375. LBNL-39004. PDF (403.52 KB)
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PDF (403.52 KB)International Meeting of Electrochromism
. "Chromogenic Switchable Glazing: Towards the Development of the Smart Window." Proceedings of Window Innovations Conference 95. Toronto, Canada, 1995. LBL-37766. PDF (1.34 MB)
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PDF (1.34 MB)1994
. Glazing Material for Solar and Architectural Applications. . 1994. LBL-34436. PDF (3.33 MB)
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PDF (3.33 MB) . "Characterization of Tantalum Oxide Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Process for electrochemical devices." 1994. LBNL-39005. PDF (565.37 KB)
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PDF (565.37 KB) . "Characterization of Sol-Gel Deposited Niobium Pentoxide Films for Electrochromic Devices." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 36 (1994) 433-443. LBL-38525. PDF (509.71 KB)
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PDF (509.71 KB) . "Fundamental Materials-Issues Involved in the Growth of GaN by Molecular Beam Epitaxy." 1994. LBL-37296. PDF (535.69 KB)
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PDF (535.69 KB)1993
. "Towards Large-area Photovoltaic Nanocells: Experiences Learned from Smart Window Technology." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 32.3 (1993) 307-321. LBNL-39076. PDF (799.94 KB)
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PDF (799.94 KB) . "P-Type Gallium Nitride by Reactive Ion-Beam Molecular Beam Epitaxy with Ion Implantation, Diffusion or Coevaporation of Mg." Applied Physics Letters 64.1 (1993) 64-66. LBL-34413. PDF (288.19 KB)
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PDF (288.19 KB) . "Optical Switching Technology for Glazing." Thin Solid Films 236.1-2 (1993) 6-13. LBNL-39006. PDF (710.08 KB)
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PDF (710.08 KB) . "Comparison of AIN Films Grown by RF at Magnetron Sputtering and Ion-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Materials Research Society. Vol. 300. San Francisco, CA, 1993. LBL-35660. PDF (402.63 KB)
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PDF (402.63 KB) . "Characteristics of Laminated Electrochromic Devices Using Polyorganodisulfate Electrodes." SPIE Proceedings 2017. 1993. 143. LBL-33144. PDF (754.98 KB)
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PDF (754.98 KB)
