@article {11611,
	title = {Characterization of Sol-Gel Deposited Niobium Pentoxide Films for Electrochromic Devices},
	journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells},
	volume = {36},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {433-443},
	abstract = {<p>Niobium pentoxide films, fabricated by the sol-gel process, were spin coated onto conductive indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass, and microscope slides. These films were cycled in a 1M LiClO<sub>4</sub> propylene carbonate (PC) solution, and exhibited electrochromic behavior upon the electrochemical insertion (reduction) and extraction (oxidation) of lithium. In-situ optical transmittance measurements were investigated in the ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared wavelength regions (250-2100 nm). Niobium pentoxide films showed reversible optical switching from 320 to 870 nm, but were found electrochromically inactive in the infrared region. Surface analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated little difference in the chemistry of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> films as deposited and lithiated Li<sub>x</sub>Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> films, as XPS binding energies of Nb and O showed no appreciable shifts. These films were found to be amorphous by X-ray diffraction. Optical transmittance measurements combined with cyclic voltamograms and XPS spectra, revealed that the electrochromic behavior of these films occurs due to the insertion of Li<sup>+</sup> cations into niobium pentoxide films. The bronze coloration of the niobium pentoxide films could make them useful as an electrochromic counter electrodesfor electrochromic devices.</p>},
	author = {Nilg{\"u}n {\"O}zer and Timothy Barreto and Temel Buyuklimanl and Carl M Lampert}
}
