@techreport {58691, title = {Tips for Daylighting with Windows: The Integrated Approach, 2nd Edition}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

These guidelines provide an integrated approach to the cost-effective design of perimeter zones in new commercial buildings and existing building retrofits. They function as a quick reference for building designers, through a set of easy steps and rules-of-thumb, emphasizing "how-to" practical details. References are given to more detailed sources of information, should the reader wish to go further.

The design method used in this document emphasizes that building decisions should be made within the context of the whole building as a single functioning system rather than as an assembly of distinct parts. This integrated design approach looks at the ramifications of each individual system decision on the whole building. For example, the decision on glazing selection will have an effect on lighting, mechanical systems, and interior design. Therefore, the entire design team should participate and influence this glazing decision{\textemdash}which typically rests with the architect alone. The benefit of an integrated design approach is a greater chance of success towards long-term comfort and sustained energy savings in the building.

}, author = {Jennifer Schumann and Eleanor S. Lee and Francis M. Rubinstein and Stephen E. Selkowitz and Alastair Robinson} } @conference {58301, title = {Co-simulation based building controls implementation with networked sensors and actuators}, booktitle = {Third ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings}, volume = {Proceedings of BuildSys 2011}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, pages = {55}, publisher = {ACM Press}, organization = {ACM Press}, address = {Seattle, Washington}, abstract = {

The commercial building sector is one of the largest energy consumers in the U.S., and lighting, heating, ventilating and air conditioning contribute to more than half of the energy consumption and carbon emissions in buildings. Controls are the most effective way of increasing energy efficiency in building systems; however, the interdependencies among building subsystems must be taken into account to achieve deep energy savings. A networked sensing and actuation infrastructure shared among building systems is the key to optimal integrated control of the interdependent building elements in low energy and zero net energy buildings.

This paper presents a rapid-prototyping controls implementation platform based on the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) framework that is capable of linking to building sensor and actuator networks for efficient controller design and testing. The platform creates a separation between the controls and the physical systems so that the controller can easily be implemented, tested and tuned with real performance feedback from a physical implementation. We realized an integrated lighting control algorithm using such a rapid-prototyping platform in a testing facility with networked sensors and actuators. This implementation has demonstrated an up to 57\% savings in lighting electricity and 28\% reduction in cooling demand.

}, isbn = {9781450307499}, doi = {10.1145/2434020.2434040}, author = {Yao-Jung Wen and Dennis L. DiBartolomeo and Francis M. Rubinstein} } @techreport {58303, title = {Daylighting the New York Times Headquarters Building: Final Report: Commissioning Daylighting Systems and Estimation of Demand Response}, year = {2007}, month = {08/2007}, address = {Berkeley}, abstract = {

The technical energy-savings potential for smart integrated window-daylighting systems is excellent and can yield significant reductions in US commercial building energy use if adopted by a significant percentage of the market. However, conventional automated shades and daylighting controls have been commercially available for over two decades with less than 1-2\% market penetration in the US. As with many innovations, the problem with accelerating market adoption is one of demonstrating real performance and decreasing risk and cost. The New York Times considered use of such daylighting systems for their new 139,426 m2 (1.5 Mft2) headquarters building in downtown Manhattan.

In the initial phase of work, The New York Times employed a unique approach to create a competitive marketplace for daylighting systems and to address their concerns about risk by building a full-scale daylighting mockup and evaluating commercially-available products. This field test formed the strategic cornerstone for accelerating an industry response to the building owners{\textquoteright} challenge to a sleepy market. A procurement specification was produced and bids were received that met The Times cost-effective criteria. The Times decided to proceed with using these innovative systems in their new building.

This next phase of work consisted of two distinct tasks: 1) to develop and use commissioning tools and procedures to insure that the automated shade and daylighting control systems operate as intended prior to occupancy; and 2) to estimate the peak demand savings resulting from different levels of demand response (DR) control strategies (from moderate to severe load curtailment) and then determine the financial implications given various DR programs offered by the local utility and New York Independent System Operator in the area.

Commissioning daylighting control systems is mandatory to insure that design intent is met, that the systems are tuned to optimal performance, and to eliminate problems and errors before occupants move in. Commissioning tools were developed and procedures were defined and then used to verify that the daylighting systems operated according to the technical specifications. For both lighting control and shading systems, the Times and the manufacturers were able to resolve most of the bugs and fine-tune the systems prior to occupancy.

The demand response (DR) strategies at the New York Times building involve unique state-of-the-art systems with dimmable ballasts, movable shades on the glass facade, and underfloor air HVAC. The process to develop the demand response strategies, the results of the EnergyPlus model, the activities to implement the DR strategies in the controls design at the New York Times Headquarters building and the evaluation of economics of participating in DR programs are presented and discussed. The DR simulation iv efforts for this building design are novel, with an innovative building owner evaluating DR and future DR program participation strategies during the design and construction phase using advanced simulation tools.

}, keywords = {automated daylighting controls, automated window shades, daylighting, demand response, energy-efficiency, visual comfort}, author = {Eleanor S. Lee and Glenn D. Hughes and Robert D. Clear and Luis L. Fernandes and Sila Kiliccote and Mary Ann Piette and Francis M. Rubinstein and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @techreport {1220, title = {Technical Note: Commissioning procedures for the dimmable daylighting control systems}, year = {2007}, month = {03/2007}, address = {Berkeley, California}, abstract = {

This memorandum presents a procedure for verifying that the lighting controls manufacturer has properly calibrated the response of control system for the overhead lighting at the NY Times building. Proper calibration of the lighting control system in this building means adjusting the output of the overhead lighting system so that the following criteria are satisfied:

  1. The average illuminance over a representative portion of the workstation task surface is at least 90\% of the target design level (450 lux is 90\% of the target 500 lux level1) and
  2. The overhead lights in the vicinity of the workstation are significantly dimmed (or OFF) if the average illuminance is \> 125\% (650 lux) of the target level.
}, author = {Francis M. Rubinstein} } @article {12036, title = {Low-Cost Networking for Dynamic Window Systems}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, pages = {503-513}, abstract = {

A low-cost building communications network is needed that would allow individual window and lighting loads to be controlled fromsan existing enterprise LAN network. This building communications network concept, which we term Integrated Building EnvironmentalsCommunications System (IBECSTM), would enable both occupant-based and building-wide control of individual window, lighting, andssensor devices. IBECS can reduce the cost of systemic control because it allows a drastic cost reduction in per point networking costs. This kind of effort is needed to encourage the control industry to make the commitment to build this technology and to demonstratesto prospective customers that this breakthrough approach to more comprehensive systemic control will provide them with high-quality,sconvenient control while saving them money.

The development and demonstration of network interfaces to DC- and AC-motorized shades and to an electrochromic window aresdescribed. The network interfaces enable one to control and monitor the condition of these fenestration appliances from a variety of sources,sincluding a user?s personal computer. By creating a functional specification for an IBECS network interface and testing a prototype, thesability to construct such an interface was demonstrated and the cost-effective price per point better understood. The network interfacesswere demonstrated to be reliable in a full-scale test of three DC-motorized Venetian blinds in an open-plan office over 2 years and in limitedsbench-scale tests of an electrochromic window.

}, author = {Eleanor S. Lee and Dennis L. DiBartolomeo and Francis M. Rubinstein and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @techreport {1913, title = {Tips for Daylighting with Windows: The Integrated Approach}, year = {1997}, abstract = {

These guidelines provide an integrated approach to the cost-effective design of perimeter zones in new commercial buildings. They function as a quick reference for designers through a set of easy steps and rules-of-thumb, emphasizing "how-to" practical details. References are given to more detailed sources of information, should the reader wish to go further.

No guidelines can answer all possible questions from all types of users. However, this document addresses the most commonly occurring scenarios. The guidance here is limited by the medium; short paper documents can only go so far in assisting a designer with a unique project. This document has been carefully shaped to best meet the needs of a designer when time does not permit a more extensive form of assistance.

The design method used in this document emphasizes that building decisions should be made within the context of the whole building as a single functioning system rather than as an assembly of distinct parts. This integrated design approach looks at the ramifications of each individual system decision on the whole building. For example, the glazing selection will have an effect on lighting, mechanical, and interior design. Therefore, the entire design team should participate in and influence this decision{\textemdash}which typically rests with the architect alone. The benefit of an integrated design approach is a greater chance of success towards long term comfort and sustained energy savings in the building.

}, author = {Jennifer O{\textquoteright}Conner and Eleanor S. Lee and Francis M. Rubinstein and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @article {2850, title = {Developing a Dynamic Envelope/Lighting Control System with Field Measurements}, journal = {Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, month = {05/1996}, pages = {146-164}, abstract = {

The feasibility of an intelligent venetian blind/lighting control system was tested in a 1:3 scale model outdoors under variable sun and sky conditions. The control algorithm, block direct sun and meet the design workplane illuminance level, was implemented using commercially available and custom designed blind and lighting systems hardware. While blocking direct sunlight, the blinds were properly controlled to maintain the design workplane illuminance within a tolerance of -10\%, +25\% when there was sufficient daylight. When daylight levels alone were inadequate, the electric lighting control system maintained the design workplane illuminance. The electric lighting could be turned off if a user-specified time period at minimum power was exceeded. Lighting energy savings of 51-71\% (southwest) and 37-75\% (south) was attained for the period from 8:00 to 17:00 on clear sunny days, compared to a fixed, partially closed blind with the same lighting system. Practical details for implementation and commissioning are discussed. The impact of control variations, such as profile angle, time step interval, and control area, on energy demand is investigated.

}, author = {Dennis L. DiBartolomeo and Eleanor S. Lee and Francis M. Rubinstein and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @conference {11643, title = {A Comprehensive Approach to Integrated Envelope and Lighting Systems for New Commercial Buildings}, booktitle = {ACEEE 1994 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {1994}, month = {09/1994}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, abstract = {

We define a comprehensive approach to integrated envelope and lighting systems design as one that balances energy efficiency with anequal regard to the resultant environmental quality. By integrating envelope components (glazing, shading, and daylighting), lighting components (fixtures and controls) and building HVAC/ energy management control systems, we create building systems that have the potential to achieve significant decreases in electricity consumption and peak demand while satisfying occupant physiological and psychological concerns.

This paper presents results on the development, implementation, and demonstration of two specific integrated envelope and lighting systems:

  1. A system emphasizing dynamicsenvelope components and responsive electric lighting systems, that offer the potential to achieve energy efficiency goals and a near optimum comfort environment throughout the year by adapting to meteorological conditions and occupant preferences in real time, and
  2. perimeter daylighting systems that increase the depth of daylight penetration from sidelight windows and improves visual comfort with the use of a small inlet aperture.

The energy performance of the systems was estimated using the DOE-2 building energy simulation program. Field tests with reduced scale models were conducted to determine daylighting and thermal performance in real time under actual weather conditions. Demonstrations of these integrated systems are being planned or are in progress in collaboration with utility programs to resolve real-world implementation issues under complex site, building, and cost constraints. Results indicate that integrated systems offer solutions that not only achieve significant peak demand reductions but also realize consistent energy savings with added occupant comfort and satisfaction.

}, author = {Eleanor S. Lee and Stephen E. Selkowitz and Francis M. Rubinstein and Joseph H. Klems and Liliana O. Beltran and Dennis L. DiBartolomeo} } @techreport {1724, title = {Photoelectric Control of Daylight-Following Lighting Systems}, year = {1989}, month = {02/1989}, abstract = {

The ability of daylight-following lighting systems to provide a minimum specified light level at the task surface is influenced by 1) the control algorithm used, 2) the spatial response of the ceiling-mounted control photosensor and 3) the location of the photosensor relative to task and window. Best performance was obtained with a closed-loop proportional control system controlled by a photosensor, with a large field of view but shielded from direct light from the window. A minimum specified illuminance level could be maintained at specific points on the task surface regardless of daylight condition or room geometry provided that the system gain was properly calibrated to account for the local luminous environment.

Open-loop proportional control also performed adequately but offered less precise control than closed-loop systems due to the necessity of using a photosensor that was not shielded from direct window light. Integral-reset systems that were tested performed poorly, but performance could be improved slightly by completely shielding the photocell from direct window light.

}, author = {Francis M. Rubinstein and Rudolph R. Verderber and Gregory J. Ward} } @conference {11992, title = {The Integration of Operable Shading Systems and Lighting Controls}, booktitle = {International Daylighting Conference Proceedings}, year = {1986}, month = {11/1986}, address = {Long Beach, CA}, abstract = {

Using daylighting in commercial buildings may significantly reduce electric lighting requirements if appropriatesphotoelectric controls are used to adjust the electric lighting output according to the available daylight. Prior analysis andsresults from monitored buildings and scale-model measurements suggest that the selection, placement, and installation ofsthe control photosensor is a difficult task, even with simple non-operable fenestration systems, since the daylightscontributions from sun, sky, and ground change continuously. The problem becomes even more complex forsfenestration systems that incorporate operable shading devices, because every adjustment changes the systems opticalsproperties. This paper presents results from measurements in a scale model under real skies, designed to bettersunderstand the problem of integrating fenestration and lighting controls. The scale model represented a typical officesspace and was equipped with motorized venetian blinds. Three control photosensors mounted on the ceiling weresconsidered for the operation of the electric lighting system, and two control strategies were considered for the operation ofsthe venetian blinds. Two ground-plane reflectances and two window orientations were examined. Results indicate thatsthe signal from a ceiling-mounted control photosensor shielded from direct light from the window shows the bestscorrelation with daylight work-plane illuminance, regardless of ground plane reflectance or venetian blind slat angle for allsslat angles that do not allow penetration of direct solar radiation. Results also indicate that the control strategies of thesvenetian blinds that were considered for the purposes of this study may result in significantly different slat angles, andsthus different daylighting work-plane illuminances and electric lighting requirements, especially when the ground-planesreflectance is high.

}, author = {Konstantinos M. Papamichael and Francis M. Rubinstein and Stephen E. Selkowitz and Gregory J. Ward} } @article {12177, title = {Photo-Electric Control of Equi-Illumination Lighting Systems}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {6}, year = {1983}, pages = {141-150}, abstract = {

A complete analysis of the cost-effectiveness of daylighting strategies should include the impact of daylighting on peak electrical demand as well as on energy consumption. We utilized an hour-by-hour building energy analysis program to study the thermal and daylighting impacts of fenestration on peak demand. Fenestration properties and lighting system characteristics were varied parametrically for office buildings in Madison WI and Lake Charles LA. Peak electrical demand was disaggregated by component and by zone, monthly patterns of peak demand were examined, and impacts of fenestration performance on chiller size were studied. The results suggest that for daylighted office buildings, the peak electrical demand results from a complex trade-off between cooling load due to fenestration parameters, lighting load reductions due to glazing and lighting system characteristics. Lowest peak demands generally occur with small to moderate size apertures. With daylighting, peak electrical demand is reduced by 10 to 20\% for the building configuration studied (37\% perimeter zone, 63\% core zone). This work indicates that solar gain through fenestration must be effectively controlled in order to realize the potential of daylighting to significantly reduce peak electrical demand.

}, author = {Francis M. Rubinstein} }