@article {11889, title = {Functionalization of Hydrogen-free Diamond-like Carbon Films using Open-air Dielectric Barrier Discharge Atmospheric Plasma Treatments}, journal = {Applied Surface Science}, volume = {254}, year = {2008}, month = {08/2008}, chapter = {5323}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technique has been employed to produce uniform atmospheric plasmas of He and N2 gas mixtures in open air in order to functionalize the surface of filtered-arc deposited hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. XPS measurements were carried out on both untreated and He/N2 DBD plasma-treated DLC surfaces. Chemical states of the C 1s and N 1s peaks were collected and used to characterize the surface bonds. Contact angle measurements were also used to record the short- and long-term variations in wettability of treated and untreated DLC. In addition, cell viability tests were performed to determine the influence of various He/N2 atmospheric plasma treatments on the attachment of osteoblast MC3T3 cells. Current evidence shows the feasibility of atmospheric plasmas in producing long-lasting variations in the surface bonding and surface energy of hydrogen-free DLC and consequently the potential for this technique in the functionalization of DLC-coated devices.

}, keywords = {Cell viability, DLC, Ion implantation and deposition, wettability, XPS}, doi = {10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.02.065}, author = {Jose L. Endrino and Jose F. Marco and Phitsanu Poolcharuansin and Ayalasomayajula R. Phani and Matthew Allen and Jos{\'e} M. Albella and Andr{\'e} Anders} } @article {12123, title = {Observation of Ti4+ ions in a high power impulse magnetron sputtering plasma}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {93}, year = {2008}, month = {08/2008}, pages = {71504}, abstract = {

Multiply charged titanium ions including Ti4+ were observed in high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharges. Mass/charge spectrometry was used to identify metal ion species. Quadruply charged titanium ions were identified by isotope-induced broadening at mass/charge 12. Due to their high potential energy, Ti4+ ions give a high yield of secondary electrons, which in turn are likely to be responsible for the generation of multiply charged states.

}, doi = {10.1063/1.2973179}, author = {Joakim Andersson and Arutiun P. Ehiasarian and Andr{\'e} Anders} } @conference {1731, title = {Physics of High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering}, booktitle = {ISSP2007: The 9th International Symposium on Sputtering \& Plasma Processes}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

High power impulse magnetron sputtering is characterized by discharge pulses whose target power density exceeds conventional sputtering power densities by two orders of magnitude or more; the goal is to provide a large flux of ionized sputtered material. The processes of pulse evolution are briefly reviewed, including secondary electron emission, self-sputtering, and rarefaction. Using a pulse power supply capable of providing constant voltage for target peak power densities up to 5 kW/cm2, the evolution of the current-voltage characteristics was investigated for copper and titanium. It is shown that the characteristic cannot be reduced to value pairs. Rather, a strong but reproducible development exists. The details depend on the argon pressure and applied voltage. Each target material exhibits a distinct and sharp transition to a high current regime that appears to be dominated by metal plasma. Despite the higher sputter yields for copper, the transition to the high current regime occurs much earlier and stronger for titanium, which may be attributed to a higher secondary electron yield and hence a higher density of electrons confined in the magnetron structure. At high currents, the closed-drift Hall current generates a magnetic field that weakens plasma confinement, thereby enabling large ion currents to reach a biased substrate.

}, author = {Andr{\'e} Anders and Joakim Andersson and David Horwat and Arutiun P. Ehiasarian} } @techreport {1159, title = {A Characterization of the Nonresidential Fenestration Market}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The purpose of this report is to characterize the nonresidential fenestration market in order to better understand market barriers to, and opportunities for, energy-efficient fenestration products. In particular, the goal is to:

The U.S. glass industry is a $27 billion enterprise with both large producers and small firms playing pivotal roles in the industry. While most sectors of the glass industry have restructured and consolidated in the past 20 years, the industry still employs 150,000 workers. Nonresidential glazing accounts for approximately 18\% of overall U.S. glass production. In 1999, nonresidential glazing was supplied to approximately 2.2 billion ft2 of new construction and additions. That same year, nonresidential glazing was also supplied to approximately 1.1 billion ft2 of remodeling construction. With an industry this large and complex, it is to be expected that many market participants can influence fenestration selection. If market barriers to the selection of high performance fenestration products are better understood, then the U. S. Department of Energy (USDOE), the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA), and others can develop programs and policies that promote greater energy efficiency in commercial glazing products.

}, author = {Arman Shehabi and Charles N. Eley and Dariush K. Arasteh and Phil Degens} } @book {11676, title = {Daylight in Buildings. A Source Book on Daylighting Systems and Components}, year = {2001}, note = {

Download: Daylight in Buildings
A hard copy of the book may be obtained by sending a request to Ellen Thomas at\ EllenThomas@lbl.gov.\ Only one copy per individual, U.S. or Canadians only.\  If you reside elsewhere, go to\ http://task21.iea-shc.org/to find out how to obtain a copy in your country.\ 

}, url = {https://facades.lbl.gov/daylight-buildings-source-book-daylighting-systems}, author = {Nancy Ruck and {\O}yvind Aschehoug and Sirri Aydinli and Jens Christoffersen and Gilles Courret and Ian Edmonds and Roman Jakobiak and Martin Kischkoweit-Lopin and Martin Klinger and Eleanor S. Lee and Laurent Michel and Jean-Louis Scartezzini and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @article {12068, title = {A Method for Simulating the Performance of Photosensor-Based Lighting Controls}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {34}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {883-889}, abstract = {

The unreliability of photosensor-based lighting controls continues to be a significant market barrier that prevents widespread acceptance of daylight dimming controls in commercial buildings. Energy savings from the use of daylighting in commercial buildings is best realized through the installation of reliable photoelectric lighting controls that dim electric lights when sufficient daylight is available to provide adequate background and/or task illumination. In prior work, the authors discussed the limitations of current simulation approaches and presented a robust method to simulate the performance of photosensor-based controls using an enhanced version of the radiance lighting simulation package. The method is based on the concept of multiplying two fisheye images: one generated from the angular sensitivity of the photosensor and the other from a 180 or 360 deg. fisheye image of the space as seen by the photosensor. This paper includes a description of the method, its validation and possible applications for designing, placing, calibrating and commissioning photosensor-based lighting controls.

}, author = {Charles K. Ehrlich and Konstantinos M. Papamichael and Judy Lai and Kenneth L. Revzan} } @conference {1803, title = {Simulating the Operation of Photosensor-Based Lighting Controls}, booktitle = {2001 Building Simulation 7th International Building Performance Simulation Association Conference}, year = {2001}, month = {08/2001}, address = {Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, abstract = {

Energy savings from the use of daylighting in commercial buildings are realized through implementation of photoelectric lighting controls that dim electric lights when sufficient daylight is available to provide adequate workplane illumination. The dimming level of electric lighting is based on the signal of a photosensor. Current simulation approaches for such systems are based on the questionable assumption that the signal of the photosensor is proportional to the task illuminance. This paper presents a method that simulates the performance of photosensor controls considering the acceptance angle, angular sensitivity, placement of the photosensor within a space, and color correction filter. The method is based on the multiplication of two fisheye images: one generated from the angular sensitivity of the photosensor and the other from a 180- or 360-degree fisheye image of the space as seen by the photosensor. The paper includes a detailed description of the method and its implementation, example applications, and validation results based on comparison with measurements in an actual office space.

}, author = {Charles K. Ehrlich and Konstantinos M. Papamichael and Judy Lai and Kenneth L. Revzan} } @article {1804, title = {Simulating the Visual Performance of Electrochromic Glazing for Solar Control}, journal = {Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, abstract = {

A new technology called electrochromic glazing promises to provide the building industry with a means to dynamically control the visual appearance and solar gain of windows. Electrochromic glazing is a technology which allows an otherwise ordinary looking piece of laminated glass to change tint with the application of a small electrical charge. Prototype electrochromic devices have been produced in sizes up to one square foot, however, manufacturers are several years away from producing glazing samples large enough to fill the aperture of a typical perimeter office. Tooling up for the production of large samples is prohibitively expensive unless some assurance of the marketability of these new electrochromic products can be demonstrated.

Electrochromic glazings defy traditional performance rating mechanisms because of the temporal dimension of their thermal and visual characteristics. Every electrochromic glazing assembly has an infinite number of states at which the thermal and visual appearance could be characterized. Furthermore, the rate at which the assembly changes between states is vital for a complete understanding.

}, author = {Charles K. Ehrlich} } @techreport {1254, title = {Design and Evaluation of Daylighting Applications of Holographic Glazings}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

When combined with appropriate electric lighting dimming controls, the use of daylight for ambient and task illumination can significantly reduce energy requirements in commercial buildings. While skylights can effectively illuminate any part of one-story buildings, conventional side windows can illuminate only a 15 ft - 20 ft (4.6 m - 6.1 m) depth of the building perimeter. Even so, the overall efficacy of daylight is limited, because side windows produce uneven distributions of daylight. Achieving adequate illumination at distances further away from the window results in excessive illumination near the window, which increases cooling loads from the associated solar heat gain. As a result, the use of larger apertures and/or higher transmittance glazings, to introduce daylight deeper than 15 ft - 20 ft (4.6 m - 6.1 m), may prove ineffective with respect to saving energy, because cooling load penalties may exceed the electric lighting savings.

The need for more uniform distribution of daylight admitted through side windows has stimulated significant research and development efforts in new fenestration designs and glazing technologies. Many of these approaches, including holographic glazings, rely on the common strategy of redirecting sunlight and reflecting it off the ceiling towards the back of the room. Prior studies on the daylight and energy performance of holographic glazings have been disappointing, however inconclusive because of poor hologram quality, low diffraction efficiency and inadequate hologram design and building application considerations [Papamichael et al 1994].

}, author = {Konstantinos M. Papamichael and Charles K. Ehrlich and Gregory J. Ward} } @conference {12092, title = {The National Energy Requirements of Residential Windows in the U.S.: Today and Tomorrow}, booktitle = {ACEEE 1996 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Profiting from Energy Efficiency}, year = {1996}, month = {08/1996}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, abstract = {

This paper describes an end-use analysis of the national energy requirements of U.S. residential window technologies. We estimate that the current U.S. stock of 19 billion square feet of residential windows is responsible for 1.7 quadrillion BTUs (or quads) per year of energy use - 1.3 quads of heating and 0.4 quads of cooling energy - which represents about 2\% of total U.S. energy consumption. We show that national energy use due to windows could be reduced by 25\% by the year 2010 through accelerated adoption of currently available, advanced window technologies such as low-e and solar control low-e coatings, vinyl and wood frames, and superwindows. We evaluate the economics of the technologies regionally, considering both climatic and energy price variations, and find that the technologies would be cost effective for most consumers.

}, url = {http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/1996/data/papers/SS96_Panel10_Paper07.pdf$\#$page=1}, author = {Karl J. Frost and Joseph H. Eto and Dariush K. Arasteh and Mehry Yazdanian} } @conference {1922, title = {Transforming the Market for Residential Windows: Design Considerations for DOE{\textquoteright}s Efficient Window Collaborative}, booktitle = {1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {1996}, month = {08/1996}, publisher = {ACEEE}, organization = {ACEEE}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, abstract = {

Market adoption of recent, commercially available technological advances that improve the energy performance of windows will lead to immediate economic and energy savings benefits to the nation. This paper is a scoping study intended to inform the design of a major DOE initiative to accelerate market adoption of these windows in the residential sector. We describe the structure of the U.S. residential window market and the interests of the various market players. We then briefly review five recent market transformation initiatives. Finally, we summarize our findings in a list of considerations we believe will be important for the DOE{\textquoteright}s initiative to transform the U.S. residential window market.

}, url = {http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/1996/data/papers/SS96_Panel10_Paper05.pdf$\#$page=1}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Dariush K. Arasteh and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @techreport {1783, title = {Savings from Energy Efficient Windows: Current and Future Savings from New Fenestration Technologies in the Residential Market}, year = {1993}, note = {

A version of this report was presented at the\ 4th Global Warming International Conference. Chicago, IL, April 5-8, 1993.

}, abstract = {

Heating and cooling energy lost through windows in the residential sector (estimated at two-thirds of the energy lost through windows in all sectors) currently accounts for 3 percent (or 2.8 quads) of total US energy use, costing over $26 billion annually in energy bills. Installation of energy-efficient windows is acting to reduce the amount of energy lost per unit window area. Installation of more energy efficient windows since 1970 has resulted in an annual savings of approximately 0.6 quads. If all windows utilized existing cost effective energy conserving technologies, then residential window energy losses would amount to less than 0.8 quads, directly saving $18 billion per year in avoided energy costs. The nationwide installation of windows that are now being developed could actually turn this energy loss into a net energy gain. Considering only natural replacement of windows and new construction, appropriate fenestration policies could help realize this potential by reducing annual residential window energy losses to 2.2 quads by the year 2012, despite a growing housing stock.

}, author = {Karl J. Frost and Dariush K. Arasteh and Joseph H. Eto} }