@conference {11778,
	title = {Effective Medium Approximation of the Optical properties of electrochromic cerium-titanium oxide compounds},
	booktitle = {SPIE Proceedings},
	volume = {3138},
	year = {1997},
	month = {07/1997},
	pages = {19-Sep},
	address = {San Diego, CA},
	abstract = {<p>Cerium titanium oxide samples derived from a solution have been compared against sputtered films over a wide range of different compositions. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the structural properties of the compound material existing in a two-phase mixture M<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-M<sub>B</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The optical properties were evaluated over the whole solar spectrum by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry combined with spectrophutometry. The spectral complex refractive index was determined for CeO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, as well as for their compounds. To reduce the large number of permutations in composition of multi-component oxides it would be useful to be able to predict the properties of the mixtures from the pure oxide components. Therefore these results were compared to those obtained by effective medium theory utilizing the optical constants of CeO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>. In order to investigate the performance as passive counter-electrode in Li<sup>+</sup> based electrochromic devices the films were tested by cyclic voltammetry with in-situ transmission control. Chemical composition was measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Surface morphology was analyzed by atomic force microscopy.</p>},
	keywords = {cerium titanium oxide, effective medium theory, electrochromic, optical constants},
	author = {Klaus von Rottkay and Thomas J. Richardson and Michael D. Rubin and Jonathan L. Slack}
}
@article {12146,
	title = {Optical Indices of Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide},
	journal = {Thin Solid Films},
	volume = {306},
	number = {1},
	year = {1996},
	month = {08/1997},
	pages = {10-16},
	chapter = {10},
	abstract = {<p>Tungsten trioxide (WO<sub>3</sub>) is the most widely used material for the active layer of electrochromic devices. Knowledge of the complex refractive index over the range of coloration states is required for device design. Optical constants of WO<sub>3</sub> over the whole solar spectrum were determined as a function of injected charge. Films of WO<sub>3</sub> were prepared by electron-beam evaporation, then colored in several steps by reduction with lithium (Li) up to 68 mC cm<sup>-2</sup> {\textmu}m<sup>-1</sup> injected charge. Measurements included variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and spectroscopic transmittance and reflectance at normal incidence. Analysis was complicated by the fact that a transparent-conducting layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) was required to perform lithiation. Optical indices of the glass substrate and ITO transparent conductor were determined separately and then fixed in the model. The indices of WO<sub>3</sub> could then be extracted from measurements on the complete structure. A parametric dispersion model corresponding to Gaussian broadening of the oscillators was used to represent the dielectric response of WO<sub>3</sub>.</p>},
	keywords = {Colored state, Complex refractive index, electrochromic, tungsten oxide},
	doi = {10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00254-X},
	author = {Klaus von Rottkay and Michael D. Rubin and Shi-Jie Wen}
}
