@article {58230, title = {Near-Infrared Spectrally Selective Plasmonic Electrochromic Thin Films}, journal = {Advanced Optical Materials}, volume = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {03/2013}, pages = {215 - 220}, abstract = {

A plasmonic electrochromic effect in which electrochemical doping reversibly modulates near-infrared surface plasmon absorption of aluminium-doped zinc oxide and tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystals is reported. Optical performance, switching kinetics, and cycling durability point to high-performance NIR selective plasmonic electrochromic coatings based on earth-abundant materials.

}, keywords = {aluminum zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, nanocrystal, spectroelectrochemistry, surface plasmon}, doi = {10.1002/adom.201200051}, author = {Guillermo Garcia and Raffaella Buonsanti and Anna Llordes and Evan L. Runnerstrom and Amy Bergerud and Delia J. Milliron} } @conference {12116, title = {NFRC Interlaboratory Comparison on Optical Properties}, booktitle = {NFRC Conference}, year = {2007}, month = {03/2006}, address = {San Diego, CA}, abstract = {

As part of the NFRC rating process, optical data on glazing materials is combined with other information to calculate various properties of a window product. The administrative procedure for gathering such optical data is governed by NFRC 3021, which in turn refers to NFRC 3002 and NFRC 3013 for the technical procedures by which the optical properties are determined in the solar and infrared ranges, respectively. In practice, the data is compiled by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and becomes part of the International Glazing Database (IGDB).

NFRC 302 specifies that submitters of optical data or their representatives must participate in a {\textquoteright}round robin{\textquoteright} or ILC. Often, manufacturers of glazing materials have the optical equipment necessary to perform their own measurements. NFRC 302 allows manufacturers to submit their own measured data subject to a set of checks including peer review to ensure the accuracy of such data. In some cases the glazing manufacturer does not have the required equipment and so may choose to send the samples to a test laboratory. In other cases the manufacturer of the final product such as a laminate may ask a component supplier, often a glass manufacturer, to perform the measurements for them. In such cases the "representative" must have qualified by participating in the ILC. An ILC is only required every four years and it would be unfair to expect new product submitters to wait so long. Therefore, two interpretations are made on occasion: (1) a new data submitter does not have to wait for the next ILC if they submit a set of samples with their first dataset for comparison at LBNL (a mini ILC), or (2) if they have participated in an ILC conducted by some other reputable independent organization.

}, author = {Jacob C. Jonsson and Michael D. Rubin} } @article {12113, title = {The New York Times Headquarters Daylighting Mockup: Monitored Performance of the Daylighting Control System}, journal = {Energy \& Buildings}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {914-929}, abstract = {

A nine-month monitored field study of the performance of automated roller shades and daylighting controls was conducted in a 401 m2 unoccupied, furnished daylighting mockup. The mockup mimicked the southwest corner of a new 110 km2 commercial building in New York, New York, where The New York Times will be the major tenant. This paper focuses on evaluating the performance of two daylighting control systems installed in separate areas of an open plan office with 1.2-m high workstation partitions: 1) Area A had 0-10 V dimmable ballasts with an open-loop proportional control system and an automated shade controlled to reduce window glare and increase daylight, and 2) Area B had digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) ballasts with a closed-loop integral reset control system and an automated shade controlled to block direct sun. Daylighting control system performance and lighting energy use were monitored. The daylighting control systems demonstrated very reliable performance after they were commissioned properly. Work plane illuminance levels were maintained above 90\% of the maximum fluorescent illuminance level for 99.9+/-0.5\% and 97.9+/-6.1\% of the day on average over the monitored period, respectively, in Areas A and B. Daily lighting energy use savings were significant in both Areas over the equinox-to-equinox period compared to a non-daylit reference case. At 3.35 m from the window, 30\% average savings were achieved with a sidelit west-facing condition in Area A while 50-60\% were achieved with a bilateral daylit south-facing condition in Area B. At 4.57-9.14 m from the window, 5-10\% and 25-40\% savings were achieved in Areas A and B, respectively. Average savings for the 7-m deep dimming zone were 20-23\% and 52-59\% for Areas A and B, respectively, depending on the lighting schedule. The large savings and good reliability can be attributed to the automatic management of the interior shades. The DALI-based system exhibited faulty behavior that remains unexplained, but operational errors are expected to be resolved as DALI products reach full maturity. The building owner received very competitive bids ($30-75 US/DALI ballast) and was able to justify use of the daylighting control system based on operational cost savings and increased amenity. Additional energy savings due to reduced solar and lighting heat gains were not quantified but will add to the total operational cost savings.

}, author = {Eleanor S. Lee and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @conference {12099, title = {New Electrochromic Mirror Systems}, booktitle = {Solid State Ionics}, volume = {165}, year = {2002}, month = {08/2002}, pages = {305-308}, address = {Golden, CO}, abstract = {

Variable reflectance coatings (switchable mirrors) have significant advantages over traditional absorbing devices for radiant energy control in a variety of architectural and aerospace applications due to their large dynamic ranges in both transmission and reflection in the visible and near infrared regimes. Although electrochromic and gasochromic metal hydride films have been the primary focus of recent research in this field, other systems merit consideration. Two of these, based on electrochemical conversion of copper to copper oxides and of pnicogens to lithium pnictides are discussed here. Three distinct states are available in the copper system: the highly reflecting metal, the transparent Cu(I) oxide, and the black, highly absorbing Cu(II) oxide. Metallic thin films of elemental antimony and bismuth are reversibly converted to transparent, semiconducting lithium pnictides by cathodic polarization in a non-aqueous lithium electrolyte. Like the metal hydrides, these systems provide substantial modulation of near infrared transmission and reflection, but have somewhat lower visible reflectance in their mirror states.

}, author = {Thomas J. Richardson} } @article {12093, title = {Natural Convection Effects in Three-Dimensional Window Frames with Internal Cavities}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {107, Part 2}, year = {2000}, month = {06/2001}, address = {Cincinnati, Ohio}, abstract = {

This paper studies three-dimensional natural convection effects in window frames with internal cavities. Infrared (IR) thermography experiments, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and calculations with traditional software for simulating two-dimensional heat conduction were conducted. The IR thermography experiments mapped surface temperatures during steady-state thermal tests between ambi-ent thermal chambers set at 0 deg. C and 20 deg. C. Using anon-contact infrared scanning radiometer and an external referencing technique, we were able to obtain surface temperature maps with a resolution of 0.1 deg. C and 3 mm and an estimated uncertainty of 0.5 deg. C and +/-3 mm. The conjugate CFD simulations modeled the enclosed air cavities, frame section walls, and foam board surround panel. With the two-dimensional heat conduction simulation software, weusedcorrelations to model heat transfer in the air cavities. For both the CFD simulations and the conduction simulation software, boundary conditions at the external air/solid interface were modeled using constant surface heat-transfer coefficients with fixed ambient air temperatures.

Different cases were studied, including simple, four-sided frame sections (with one open internal cavity), simple vertical sections with a single internal cavity, and horizontal sections with a single internal cavity. The sections tested in the Infrared Thermography Laboratory (IR lab) were made of PVC. Both PVC and thermally broken aluminum sections were modeled. Based on the current investigations, it appears that the thermal transmittance or U-factor of a four-sided section can be found by calculating the average of the thermal transmittance of the respective single horizontal and vertical sections. In addition, we conclude that two-dimensional heat transfer simulation software agrees well with CFD simulations if the natural convection correlations used for the internal cavities are correct.

}, author = {Arlid Gustavsen and Brent T. Griffith and Dariush K. Arasteh} } @article {12094, title = {Net Energy Performance Measurements on Electrochromic Skylights}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {93-102}, abstract = {

Tests of skylights made from prototype electrochromic glazings were performed in a room-sized calorimetric test facility under ambient outdoor summer conditions in Reno, NV. The test methodology and the resultant measurements of skylight heat flows and temperatures with their diurnal variations are presented. Special test issues relating to the dynamic switchable nature of the glazings are discussed.

}, author = {Joseph H. Klems} } @conference {12092, title = {The National Energy Requirements of Residential Windows in the U.S.: Today and Tomorrow}, booktitle = {ACEEE 1996 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Profiting from Energy Efficiency}, year = {1996}, month = {08/1996}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, abstract = {

This paper describes an end-use analysis of the national energy requirements of U.S. residential window technologies. We estimate that the current U.S. stock of 19 billion square feet of residential windows is responsible for 1.7 quadrillion BTUs (or quads) per year of energy use - 1.3 quads of heating and 0.4 quads of cooling energy - which represents about 2\% of total U.S. energy consumption. We show that national energy use due to windows could be reduced by 25\% by the year 2010 through accelerated adoption of currently available, advanced window technologies such as low-e and solar control low-e coatings, vinyl and wood frames, and superwindows. We evaluate the economics of the technologies regionally, considering both climatic and energy price variations, and find that the technologies would be cost effective for most consumers.

}, url = {http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/1996/data/papers/SS96_Panel10_Paper07.pdf$\#$page=1}, author = {Karl J. Frost and Joseph H. Eto and Dariush K. Arasteh and Mehry Yazdanian} } @conference {12115, title = {NFRC Efforts to Develop a Residential Fenestration Annual Energy Rating Methodology}, booktitle = {Window Innovations Conference 1995}, year = {1995}, month = {06/1995}, address = {Toronto, Canada}, abstract = {

This paper documents efforts currently being undertaken by the National Fenestration Rating Councils Annual Energy Rating Subcommittee to develop procedures to quantify the energy impacts of fenestration products in typical residential buildings throughout the United States. Parallel paths focus on (1) the development of simplified heating and cooling indices and (2) the development of a more detailed methodology to calculate the cost and energy impacts of specific products in a variety of housing types. These procedures are currently under discussion by NFRCs Technical Committee; future efforts will also address commercial buildings.

}, author = {Brian Crooks and James Larsen and Robert Sullivan and Dariush K. Arasteh and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @article {12106, title = {A New Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestration Systems I. Overview and Derivation of the Matrix Layer Calculation}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {100, Part 1}, year = {1993}, month = {01/1994}, address = {New Orleans LA}, abstract = {

A new method of predicting the solar heat gain through complex fenestration systems involving nonspecular layers such as shades or blinds has been examined in a project jointly sponsored by ASHRAE and DOE. In this method, a scanning radiometer is used to measure the bidirectional radiative transmittance and reflectance of each layer of a fenestration system. The properties of systems containing these layers are then built up computationally from the measured layer properties using a transmission/multiple-reflection calculation. The calculation produces the total directional-hemispherical transmittance of the fenestration system and the layer-by-layer absorptances. These properties are in turn combined with layer-specific measurements of the inward-flowing fractions of absorbed solar energy to produce the overall solar heat gain coefficient. In this first in a series of related papers describing the project, the assumptions and limitations of the calculation method are described and the derivation of the matrix calculation technique from the initial integral equations is presented.

In this first in a series of related papers describing the project, the assumptions and limitations of the calculation method are described and the derivation of the matrix calculation technique from the initial integral equations is presented.

}, author = {Joseph H. Klems} } @article {12107, title = {A New Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestration Systems II. Detailed Description of the Matrix Layer Calculation}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {100}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

A new method of predicting the solar heat gain through complex fenestration systems involving nonspecular layers such as shades or blinds has been examined in a project jointly sponsored by ASHRAE and DOE. In this method, a scanning radiometer is used to measure the bi-directional radiative transmittance and reflectance of each layer of a fenestration system. The properties of systems containing these layers are then built up computationally from the measured layer properties using a transmission/multiple-reflection calculation. The calculation produces the total directional-hemispherical transmittance of the fenestration system and the layer-by-layer absorptances. These properties are in turn combined with layer-specific measurements of the inward-flowing fractions of absorbed solar energy to produce the overall solar heat gain coefficient.

A preceding paper outlined the method and provided the physical derivation of the calculation. In this second of a series of related papers the detailed development of the matrix layer calculation is presented.

}, author = {Joseph H. Klems} } @techreport {1641, title = {Net Energy Performance Measurements on Two Low-E Windows}, year = {1992}, abstract = {

Experimental studies using the Mobile Window Thermal Test (MoWiTT) Facility were undertaken to compare the performance of low-E windows manufactured with two different technologies, sputter-coated (soft-coat) and an improved pyrolytic chemical vapor deposition (hard-coat). The two technologies produce coatings with different emissivities and solar absorptions. The tests showed that from the standpoint of winter average daily performance, the higher solar transmission of the pyrolytic coatings tends to offset their higher emissivity, making the average performance of windows with the two coatings more similar than one would predict on the basis of either property alone. The tradeoff between the two window types is both orientation and climate dependent. Differences between the two windows were within the small experimental uncertainty of the measurement for all orientations except south, where the pyrolytic coating produced a larger net heat gain. Summer tests in a west-facing orientation showed that both windows produced large solar heat gains if unshaded, and that shading with an interior white venetian blind was not a very effective way of reducing these heat gains.

}, author = {Joseph H. Klems} } @conference {12105, title = {A New Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestration Systems}, booktitle = {Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelope of Buildings V Conference Proceedings}, year = {1992}, month = {12/1992}, address = {Clearwater Beach, FL}, abstract = {

A new method of predicting the solar heat gain through complex fenestration systems involving nonspecular layers such as shades or blinds has been examined in a project jointly sponsored by ASHRAE and DOE. In this method, a scanning radiometer is used to measure the bi-directional radiative transmittance and reflectance of each layer of a fenestration system. The properties of systems containing these layers are then built up computationally from the measured layer properties using a transmission/multiple-reflection calculation. The calculation produces the total directional-hemispherical transmittance of the fenestration system and the layer-by-layer absorptances. These properties are in turn combined with layer-specific measurements of the inward-flowing fractions of absorbed solar energy to produce the overall solar heat gain coefficient.

The method has been applied to one of the most optically complex systems in common use, a venetian blind in combination with multiple glazings. A comparison between the scanner-based calculation method and direct system calorimetric measurements made on the LBL MoWiTT facility showed good agreement, and is a significant validation of the method accuracy and feasibility.

}, author = {Joseph H. Klems and Jeffrey L. Warner} }