02275nas a2200277 4500008003900000245015300039210006900192260001200261300001200273490000800285520134500293653003301638653002101671653001601692653002501708653002001733653001801753653001301771100002101784700002101805700001901826700002401845700002201869700002901891856007701920 2016 d00aBalancing daylight, glare, and energy-efficiency goals: An evaluation of exterior coplanar shading systems using complex fenestration modeling tools0 aBalancing daylight glare and energyefficiency goals An evaluatio c01/2016 a279-2980 v1123 a

Exterior shades are the most effective way to control solar load in buildings. Twelve different coplanar shades with different geometry, material properties and cut-off angles were investigated for two California climates: the moderate San Francisco Bay Area climate and a hot and dry Southern California climate. The presented results distinguish themselves from other simulation studies by a newly developed method that combines three research-grade software programs (Radiance, EnergyPlus and Window 7) to calculate heat transfer, daylight, and glare resulting from optically-complex fenestration systems more accurately. Simulations were run for a case with constant electric lighting and a case with daylighting controls for a prototypical, internal load dominated office building.

In the case of daylighting controls, the choice of slat angle and solar cut-off angle of a fixed exterior slat shading system is non trivial. An optimum slat angle was identified for the considered cases. Material properties (e.g., solar and visible reflectance) did not affect energy use if constant electric lighting was assumed, but they did have a significant influence on energy use intensity (EUI) when daylighting controls were assumed. Energy use increased substantially when an additional interior shade was used for glare control.

10aComplex fenestration systems10aDiscomfort Glare10aEnergy Plus10aEnergy Use Intensity10aExterior shades10aGlare Control10aradiance1 aHoffmann, Sabine1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aMcNeil, Andrew1 aFernandes, Luis, L.1 aVidanovic, Dragan1 aThanachareonkit, Anothai uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/balancing-daylight-glare-and-energy00649nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007100041210006900112260001200181520026300193100001900456856006400475 2013 eng d00aBSDFViewer: A utility for interactive exploration of BSDF datasets0 aBSDFViewer A utility for interactive exploration of BSDF dataset c09/20133 a

BSDFViewer is a utility for interactive exploration of BSDF datasets. With BSDF view you can load a BSDF xml file and view the outgoing distribution for user-selectable incident directions. You can look at transmission or reflection for front or back.

1 aMcNeil, Andrew uhttp://www.radiance-online.org/download-install/bsdf-viewer00787nas a2200133 4500008003900000245009500039210006900134260001200203300000600215520032200221100001900543700002100562856007000583 2012 d00aOn the benefits of a variable-resolution bidirectional scattering distribution data format0 abenefits of a variableresolution bidirectional scattering distri c09/2012 a53 a

This summary report adds context to the recent development of a new format for variable-resolution bi-directional scattering data. Specifically we discuss why a high resolution BSDF format is needed, the advantages of a variable resolution data format, and the new capabilities that stem from this development.

1 aMcNeil, Andrew1 aLee, Eleanor, S. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/benefits-variable-resolution01474nas a2200121 4500008003900000245007800039210006900117260004900186300000800235520104000243100002401283856004501307 2005 d00aBalancing comfort: occupants' control of window blinds in private offices0 aBalancing comfort occupants control of window blinds in private  aBerkeleybUniversity of California, Berkeley a2813 a

The goal of this study was to develop predictive models of window blind control that could be used as a function in energy simulation programs and provide the basis for the development of future automated shading systems. Toward this goal, a two-part study, consisting of a window blind usage survey and a field study, was conducted in Berkeley, California, USA, during a period spanning from the vernal equinox to window solstice. A total of one hundred and thirteen office building occupants participated in the survey. Twenty-five occupants participated in the field study, in which measurements of physical environmental conditions were cross-linked to the participants’ assessment of visual and thermal comfort sensations.

Results from the survey showed that the primary window blind closing reason was to reduce glare from sunlight and bright windows. For the field study, a total of thirteen predictive window blind control logistic models were derived using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) technique.

1 aInkarojrit, Vorapat uhttp://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rd2f2bg01940nas a2200169 4500008004100000050001500041245012400056210006900180300001200249490000700261520134000268100002201608700002301630700002001653700002801673856006901701 2005 eng d aLBNL-5881800aBi-Directional Transmission Properties of Venetian Blinds: Experimental Assessment Compared to Ray-Tracing Calculations0 aBiDirectional Transmission Properties of Venetian Blinds Experim a187-1980 v783 a

An accurate evaluation of daylight distribution through advanced fenestration systems (complex glazing, solar shading systems) requires the knowledge of their Bidirectional light Transmission (Reflection) Distribution Function BT(R)DF. An innovative equipment for the experimental assessment of these bi-directional functions has been developed, based on a digital imaging detection system. An extensive set of BTDF measurements was performed with this goniophotometer on Venetian blinds presenting curved slats with a mirror coating on the upper side. In this paper, the measured data are compared with ray-tracing results achieved with a virtual copy of the device, that was constructed with a commercial ray-tracing software. The model of the blind was created by implementing the measured reflection properties of the slats coatings in the ray-tracing calculations. These comparisons represent an original and objective validation methodology for detailed bi-directional properties for a complex system; the good agreement between the two methods, yet presenting very different parameters and assessment methodologies, places reliance both on the digital-imaging detection system and calibration, and on the potentiality of a flexible calculation method combining ray-tracing simulations with simple components measurements.

1 aAndersen, Marilyn1 aRubin, Michael, D.1 aPowles, Rebecca1 aScartezzini, Jean-Louis uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/bi-directional-transmission01602nas a2200145 4500008004100000050001500041245008200056210006900138300001400207490000700221520112200228100001801350700001901368856006901387 2002 eng d aLBNL-5179000aBias and Self-Bias of Magnetic Macroparticle Filters for Cathodic Arc Plasmas0 aBias and SelfBias of Magnetic Macroparticle Filters for Cathodic a8890-88970 v933 a

Curved magnetic filters are often used for the removal of macroparticles from cathodic arc plasmas. This study addresses the need to further reduce losses and improving plasma throughput. The central figure of merit is the system coefficient κ defined as a filtered ion current normalized by the plasma-producing arc current. The coefficient κ is investigated as a function of continuous and pulsed magnetic field operation, magnetic field strength, external electric bias, and arc amplitude. It increases with positive filter bias but saturates at about 15 V for relatively low magnetic field (~10 mT), whereas stronger magnetic fields lead to higher κ with saturation at about 25 V. Further increase of positive bias reduces κ. These findings are true for both pulsed and continuous filters. Bias of pulsed filters has been realized using the voltage drop across a self-bias resistor, eliminating the need for a separate bias circuit. Almost 100 A of filtered copper ions have been obtained in pulsed mode, corresponding to κ ≈ 0.04. The results are interpreted by a simplified potential trough model.

1 aByon, Eungsun1 aAnders, André uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/bias-and-self-bias-magnetic02919nas a2200169 4500008004100000050001500041245008000056210006900136260002200205300001200227490000600239520235300245100003402598700001802632700002402650856007502674 1997 eng d aLBNL-4059100aBuilding Design Advisor: Automated Integration of Multiple Simulation Tools0 aBuilding Design Advisor Automated Integration of Multiple Simula bElsevierc08/1997 a341-3520 v63 a

The Building Design Advisor (BDA) is a software environment that supports the integrated use of multiple analysis and visualization tools throughout the building design process, from the initial, conceptual and schematic phases to the detailed specification of building components and systems. Based on a comprehensive design theory, the BDA uses an object-oriented representation of the building and its context, and acts as a data manager and process controller to allow building designers to benefit from the capabilities of multiple tools.

The BDA provides a graphical user interface that consists of two main elements: the Building Browser and the Decision Desktop. The Browser allows building designers to quickly navigate through the multitude of descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. Through the Browser the user can edit the values of input parameters and select any number of input and/or output parameters for display in the Decision Desktop. The Desktop allows building designers to compare multiple design alternatives with respect to multiple descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the tools linked to the BDA.

The BDA is implemented as a Windows®-based application for personal computers. Its initial version is linked to a Schematic Graphic Editor (SGE), which allows designers to quickly and easily specify the geometric characteristics of building components and systems. For every object created in the SGE, the BDA activates a Default Value Selector (DVS) mechanism that selects "smart" default values from a Prototypes Database for all non-geometric parameters required as input to the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. In addition to the SGE that is an integral part of its user interface, the initial version of the BDA is linked to a daylight analysis tool, an energy analysis tool, and a multimedia, Web-based Case Studies Database (CSD). The next version of the BDA will be linked to additional analysis tools, such as the DOE-2 (thermal, energy and energy cost) and RADIANCE (day/lighting and rendering) computer programs. Plans for the future include the development of links to cost estimating and environmental impact modules, building rating systems, CAD software and electronic product catalogs.

1 aPapamichael, Konstantinos, M.1 aLaPorta, John1 aChauvet, Hannah, L. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/building-design-advisor-automated02680nas a2200181 4500008004100000245003200041210002800073260002400101520214100125100003402266700001802300700002402318700002102342700002202363700002102385700002702406856006502433 1996 eng d00aThe Building Design Advisor0 aBuilding Design Advisor aTucson, AZc03/19963 a

The Building Design Advisor (BDA) is a software environment that supports the integrated use of multiple analysis and visualization tools throughout the building design process, from the initial, schematic design phases to the detailed specification of building components and systems. Based on a comprehensive design theory, the BDA uses an object-oriented representation of the building and its context, and acts as a data manager and process controller to allow building designers to benefit from the capabilities of multiple tools. The BDA provides a graphical user interface that consists of two main elements: the Building Browser and the Decision Desktop. The Browser allows building designers to quickly navigate through the multitude of descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. Through the Browser the user can edit the values of input parameters and select any number of input and/or output parameters for display in the Decision Desktop. The Desktop allows building designers to compare multiple design alternatives with respect to any number of parameters addressed by the tools linked to the BDA. The BDA is implemented as a Windows™-based application for personal computers. Its initial version is linked to a Schematic Graphic Editor (SGE), which allows designers to quickly and easily specify the geometric characteristics of building components and systems. For every object created in the SGE, the BDA supplies モsmartヤ default values from a Prototypical Values Database (PVD) for all non-geometric parameters required as input to the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. In addition to the SGE and the PVD, the initial version of the BDA is linked to a daylight analysis tool, an energy analysis tool, and a multimedia Case Studies Database (CSD). The next version of the BDA will be linked to additional tools, such as a photo-accurate rendering program and a cost analysis program. Future versions will address the whole building life-cycle and will be linked to construction, commissioning and building monitoring tools.

1 aPapamichael, Konstantinos, M.1 aLaPorta, John1 aChauvet, Hannah, L.1 aCollins, Deirdre1 aTrzcinski, Thomas1 aThorpe, Jack, A.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/building-design-advisor