00864nas a2200109 4500008003900000245007600039210006900115260001200184520046100196100001900657856007800676 2013 d00aThe Five-Phase Method for Simulating Complex Fenestration with Radiance0 aFivePhase Method for Simulating Complex Fenestration with Radian c09/20133 a

The "five-phase method" is an extension of the three-phase method that more closely follows the standard daylight coefficient model for dynamic daylight simulations proposed by Bourgeois et al (2008). More specifically, the five-phase method handles the direct solar component separately from the sky and interreflected solar component to achieve better accuracy of the distribution of direct solar light in a room for complex glazing systems (CFS).

1 aMcNeil, Andrew uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/five-phase-method-simulating-complex02582nas a2200265 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260001200210300000900222490000700231520176600238653001702004653001002021653002302031653001702054653002302071653001902094100002602113700001702139700002102156700002502177700001802202700001702220856007902237 2012 eng d00aFenestration of Today and Tomorrow: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities0 aFenestration of Today and Tomorrow A StateoftheArt Review and Fu c01/2012 a1-280 v963 a

Fenestration of today is continuously being developed into the fenestration of tomorrow, hence offering a steadily increase of daylight and solar energy utilization and control, and at the same time providing a necessary climate screen with a satisfactory thermal comfort. Within this work a state of the art market review of the best performing fenestration products has been carried out, along with an overview of possible future research opportunities for the fenestration industry. The focus of the market review was low thermal transmittance (U-value). The lowest centre of glass Ug-values found was 0.28 W/(m2K) and 0.30 W/(m2K), which was from a suspended coating glazing product and an aerogel glazing product, respectively. However, the majority of high performance products found were triple glazed. The lowest frame U-value was 0.61 W/(m2K). Vacuum glazing, smart windows, solar cell glazing, window frames, self cleaning glazing, low-emissivity coatings and spacers were also reviewed, thus also representing possibilities for controlling and harvesting the solar radiation energy. Currently, vacuum glazing, new spacer materials and solutions, electrochromic windows and aerogel glazing seem to have the largest potential for improving the thermal performance and daylight and solar properties in fenestration products. Aerogel glazing has the lowest potential U-values, ~ 0.1 W/(m2K), but requires further work to improve the visible transmittance. Electrochromic vaccum glazing and evacuated aerogel glazing are two vacuum related solutions which have a large potential. There may also be opportunities for completely new material innovations which could revolutionize the fenestration industry.

10aFenestration10aLow-e10aMultilayer glazing10aSmart window10aSolar cell glazing10aVacuum glazing1 aJelle, Bjørn, Petter1 aHynd, Andrew1 aGustavsen, Arlid1 aArasteh, Dariush, K.1 aGoudey, Howdy1 aHart, Robert uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/fenestration-today-and-tomorrow-state02555nas a2200205 4500008003900000245009100039210006900130260001200199300001200211490000800223520188300231100002102114700002902135700002202164700002202186700002002208700002102228700002202249856007802271 2009 d00aField Measurements of Innovative Indoor Shading Systems in a Full-Scale Office Testbed0 aField Measurements of Innovative Indoor Shading Systems in a Ful c10/2009 a706-7280 v1153 a

The development of spectrally selective low-e glass with its superior solar control and high daylight admission has led to widespread use of large-area, "transparent" or visually clear glass windows in commercial building facades. This type of façade can provide significant inherent daylighting potential (ability to offset lighting energy use) and move us closer to the goal of achieving zero energy buildings, if not for the unmitigated glare that results from the unshaded glazing. Conventional shading systems result in a significant loss of daylight and view. Can innovative shading solutions successfully balance the tradeoffs between daylight, solar heat gains, discomfort glare, and view?

To investigate this issue, a six-month solstice-to-solstice field study was conducted in a sunny climate to measure the thermal and daylighting performance of a south-facing, full- scale, office testbed with large-area windows and a variety of innovative indoor shading systems. Indoor shading systems included manually-operated and automated roller shades, Venetian blinds, daylight-redirecting blinds, and a static translucent diffusing panel placed inboard of the window glazing. These innovative systems were compared to a reference shade lowered to block direct sun.

With continuous dimming controls, all shading systems yielded lighting energy savings between 43-69% compared to a non-dimming case, but only the automated systems were able to meet visual comfort criteria throughout the entire monitored period. Cooling loads due to solar and thermal loads from the window were increased by 2-10% while peak cooling loads were decreased by up to 14%. The results from this experiment illustrate that some indoor shading systems can preserve daylight potential while meeting comfort requirements. Trends will differ significantly depending on application.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aDiBartolomeo, Dennis, L.1 aKlems, Joseph, H.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aKonis, Kyle, S.1 aYazdanian, Mehry1 aPark, Byoung-Chul uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/field-measurements-innovative-indoor01914nas a2200253 4500008004100000245013900041210006900180260002500249490000800274520105500282653001901337653000801356653003601364653001601400653000801416100002201424700002001446700002901466700003101495700001901526700002301545700001901568856007301587 2008 eng d00aFunctionalization of Hydrogen-free Diamond-like Carbon Films using Open-air Dielectric Barrier Discharge Atmospheric Plasma Treatments0 aFunctionalization of Hydrogenfree Diamondlike Carbon Films using aBoulder, COc08/20080 v2543 a

A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technique has been employed to produce uniform atmospheric plasmas of He and N2 gas mixtures in open air in order to functionalize the surface of filtered-arc deposited hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. XPS measurements were carried out on both untreated and He/N2 DBD plasma-treated DLC surfaces. Chemical states of the C 1s and N 1s peaks were collected and used to characterize the surface bonds. Contact angle measurements were also used to record the short- and long-term variations in wettability of treated and untreated DLC. In addition, cell viability tests were performed to determine the influence of various He/N2 atmospheric plasma treatments on the attachment of osteoblast MC3T3 cells. Current evidence shows the feasibility of atmospheric plasmas in producing long-lasting variations in the surface bonding and surface energy of hydrogen-free DLC and consequently the potential for this technique in the functionalization of DLC-coated devices.

10aCell viability10aDLC10aIon implantation and deposition10awettability10aXPS1 aEndrino, Jose, L.1 aMarco, Jose, F.1 aPoolcharuansin, Phitsanu1 aPhani, Ayalasomayajula, R.1 aAllen, Matthew1 aAlbella, José, M.1 aAnders, André uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/functionalization-hydrogen-free01259nas a2200157 4500008004100000245004400041210004300085260003400128300001200162490000800174520077700182100002200959700002200981700002001003856007801023 2007 eng d00aField Evaluation of Low-E Storm Windows0 aField Evaluation of LowE Storm Windows aClearwater Beach, FLc12/2007 a228-2360 v2773 a

A field evaluation comparing the performance of low emittance (low-e) storm windows with both standard clear storm windows and no storm windows was performed in a cold climate. Six homes with single pane windows were monitored over the period of one heating season. The homes were monitored with no storm windows and with new storm windows. The storm windows installed on four of the six homes included a hard coat, pyrolitic, low-e coating while the storm windows for the other two homes had traditional clear glass. Overall heating load reduction due to the storm windows was 13% with the clear glass and 21% with the low-e windows. Simple paybacks for the addition of the storm windows were 10 years for the clear glass and 4.5 years for the low-e storm windows.

1 aDrumheller, Craig1 aKohler, Christian1 aMinen, Stefanie uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/field-evaluation-low-e-storm-windows01287nas a2200145 4500008004100000050001500041245006900056210006700125520078700192100001900979700002000998700002301018700002201041856007801063 2006 eng d aLBNL-6173300aFiltered cathodic arc deposition with ion-species-selective bias0 aFiltered cathodic arc deposition with ionspeciesselective bias3 a

A dual-cathode arc plasma source was combined with a computer-controlled bias amplifier such as to synchronize substrate bias with the pulsed production of plasma. In this way, bias can be applied in a material-selective way. The principle has been applied to the synthesis metal-doped diamond-like carbon films, where the bias was applied and adjusted when the carbon plasma was condensing, and the substrate was at ground when the metal was incorporated. In doing so, excessive sputtering by too-energetic metal ions can be avoided while the sp3/sp2 ratio can be adjusted. It is shown that the resistivity of the film can be tuned by this species-selective bias. The principle can be extended to multiple-material plasma sources and complex materials.

1 aAnders, André1 aPasaja, Nitisak1 aSansongsiri, Sakon1 aLim, Sunnie, H.N. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/filtered-cathodic-arc-deposition-ion01739nas a2200157 4500008004100000050001500041245006000056210005700116260001200173300000700185520124800192100002201440700001801462700002501480856007601505 2004 eng d aLBNL-5607500aA First-Generation Prototype Dynamic Residential Window0 aFirstGeneration Prototype Dynamic Residential Window c10/2004 a113 a

We present the concept for a "smart" highly efficient dynamic window that maximizes solar heat gain during the heating season and minimizes solar heat gain during the cooling season in residential buildings. We describe a prototype dynamic window that relies on an internal shade, which deploys automatically in response to solar radiation and temperature. This prototype was built at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory from commercially available "off-the-shelf" components. It is a stand-alone, standard-size product, so it can be easily installed in place of standard window products. Our design shows promise for near-term commercialization. Improving thermal performance of this prototype by incorporating commercially available highly efficient glazing technologies could result in the first window that could be suitable for use in zero-energy homes. The units predictable deployment of shading could help capture energy savings that are not possible with manual shading. Installation of dynamically shaded windows in the field will allow researchers to better quantify the energy effects of shades, which could lead to increased efficiency in the sizing of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment for residences.

1 aKohler, Christian1 aGoudey, Howdy1 aArasteh, Dariush, K. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/first-generation-prototype-dynamic01779nas a2200133 4500008004100000050001500041245006000056210006000116300001200176490000800188520135100196100001901547856007901566 2003 eng d aLBNL-5168300aFundamentals of Pulsed Plasmas for Materials Processing0 aFundamentals of Pulsed Plasmas for Materials Processing a301-3110 v1833 a

Pulsed plasmas offer the use of much higher power (during each pulse) compared to continuously operated plasmas, and additional new parameters appear such as pulse duty cycle. Pulsed processing may help meeting the demands of increasingly sophisticated materials processes, including thin film deposition, plasma etching, plasma cleaning of surfaces, and plasma immersion ion implantation. The high kinetic energy of ions allows processes to occur far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Pulsed plasmas are driven by external pulsed power sources, and one has to consider the power source and the plasma as a coupled system. The dynamic plasma impedance is a key quantity from an electrical engineering point of view. From a plasma physics point of view, one needs to consider the dynamics of plasma species, their density and energy distribution, ionization and recombination reactions, and, most importantly, the development of transient sheaths. Dimensionless scaling parameters are a useful tool putting the variety of plasma parameters in relation to characteristic quantities. This is illustrated by several examples of pulsed processes relevant to thin film deposition. The emerging technology of pulsed sputtering is discussed in detail including the possibility to achieve the mode of self-sustained self-sputtering during each pulse.

1 aAnders, André uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/fundamentals-pulsed-plasmas-materials01767nas a2200169 4500008004100000050001500041245005000056210004900106260002900155300001200184490001400196520124500210100002101455700002501476700001901501856007701520 2002 eng d aLBNL-5191300aFuture Advanced Windows for Zero-Energy Homes0 aFuture Advanced Windows for ZeroEnergy Homes aKansas City, MOc06/2003 a871-8880 v109, pt 23 a

Over the past 15 years, low-emissivity and other technological improvements have significantly improved the energy efficiency of windows sold in the United States. However, as interest increases in the concept of zero-energy homes—buildings that do not consume any nonrenewable or net energy from the utility grid—even today's highest-performance window products will not be sufficient. This simulation study compares today's typical residential windows, today's most efficient residential windows, and several options for advanced window technologies, including products with improved fixed or static properties and products with dynamic solar heat gain properties. Nine representative window products are examined in eight representative U.S. climates. Annual energy and peak demand impacts are investigated. We conclude that a new generation of window products is necessary for zero-energy homes if windows are not to be an energy drain on these homes. Windows with dynamic solar heat gain properties are found to offer significant potential in reducing energy use and peak demands in northern and central climates, while windows with very low (static) solar heat gain properties offer the most potential in southern climates.

1 aApte, Joshua, S.1 aArasteh, Dariush, K.1 aHuang, Yu, Joe uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/future-advanced-windows-zero-energy02822nas a2200217 4500008004100000024001100041245005700052210005700109260002700166520217700193653002802370653002002398100001902418700001902437700002302456700001602479700002102495700001802516700001902534856005102553 1995 eng d aUC-42600aFormation of Metal Oxides by Cathodic Arc Deposition0 aFormation of Metal Oxides by Cathodic Arc Deposition aSan Diego, CAc04/19953 a

Metal oxide thin films are of interest for a number of applications. Cathodic arc deposition, which is an established and industrially applied technique for the formation of nitrides (e.g. TIN), can also be used for metal oxide thin film formation. A cathodic arc plasma source with the desired cathode material is operated in an oxygen atmosphere of appropriate pressure, and metal oxides of various stoichiometric composition can be formed on different substrates. We report here on a series of experiments on metal oxide formation by cathodic arc deposition for different applications. Black copper oxide has been deposited on accelerator components to increase the radiative heat transfer between the parts. Various metal oxides such as tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, nickel oxide and vanadium oxide have been deposited on ITO glass to form electrochromic films for window applications. Tantalum oxide films are of interest for replacing polymer electrolytes. Optical waveguide structures can be formed by refractive index variation using oxide multilayers. We have synthesized multilayers of Al2O3/Y2O3/Al2O3/Si as possible basic structures for passive optoelectronic integrated circuits, and Al2-xErxO3 thin films with a variable Er concentration which is a potential component layer for the production of active optoelectronic integrated devices such as amplifiers or lasers at a wavelength of 1.53 pm. Aluminum and chromium oxide films have been deposited on a number of substrates to impart improved corrosion resistance at high temperature. Titanium sub-oxides which are electrically conductive and corrosion resistant and stable in a number of aggressive environments have been deposited on various substrates. These sub-oxides are of great interest for use in electrochemical cells. Common features of all these depositions are the high deposition rate typical for cathodic arc deposition, the good adhesion of the films due to the high metal ion energy, and the advantage of an environmentally clean method in comparison to wet-chemical oxide formation techniques.

10aCathodic arc deposition10aOxide formation1 aAnders, Simone1 aAnders, André1 aRubin, Michael, D.1 aWang, Zhien1 aRaoux, Sebastien1 aKong, Fanping1 aBrown, Ian, G. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)02508-101409nas a2200241 4500008004100000050001400041245008900055210006900144520063300213100001900846700001300865700001200878700002900890700002300919700002000942700002000962700002300982700002201005700001701027700002301044700002101067856007901088 1994 eng d aLBL-3729600aFundamental Materials-Issues Involved in the Growth of GaN by Molecular Beam Epitaxy0 aFundamental MaterialsIssues Involved in the Growth of GaN by Mol3 a

Gallium nitride is one of the most promising materials for ultraviolet and blue light-emitting diodes and lasers. Both Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) have recently made strong progress in fabricating high-quality epitaxial GaN thin films. In this paper, we review materials-related issues involved in MBE growth. We show that a strong understanding of the unique meta-stable growth process allows us to correctly predict the optimum conditions for epitaxial GaN growth. The resulting structural, electronic and optical properties of the GaN films are described in detail.

1 aNewman, Nathan1 aFu, T.C.1 aLiu, Z.1 aLiliental-Weber, Zuzanna1 aRubin, Michael, D.1 aChan, James, S.1 aJones, Erin, C.1 aRoss, Jennifer, T.1 aTidswell, Ian, M.1 aYu, Kin, Man1 aCheung, Nathan, W.1 aWeber, Eicke, R. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/fundamental-materials-issues-involved