01909nam a2200109 4500008003900000245006800039210006400107260008800171520144300259100002001702856007701722 2011 d00aGenOpt Generic Optimization Program, User Manual, Version 3.1.00 aGenOpt Generic Optimization Program User Manual Version 310 aBerkeleybSimulation Research Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryc12/20113 a

GenOpt is an optimization program for the minimization of a cost function that is evaluated by an external simulation program. It has been developed for optimization problems where the cost function is computationally expensive and its derivatives are not available or may not even exist. GenOpt can be coupled to any simulation programthat reads its input from text files and writes its output to text files. The independent variables can be continuous variables (possibly with lower and upper bounds), discrete variables, or both, continuous and discrete variables. Constraints on dependent variables can be implemented using penalty or barrier functions. GenOpt uses parallel computing to evaluate the simulations. GenOpt has a library with local and global multi-dimensional and one-dimensional optimization algorithms, and algorithms for doing parametric runs. An algorithm interface allows adding new minimization algorithms without knowing the details of the program structure. GenOpt is written in Java so that it is platform independent. The platform independence and the general interface make GenOpt applicable to a wide range of optimization problems. GenOpt has not been designed for linear programming problems, quadratic programming problems, and problems where the gradient of the cost function is available. For such problems, as well as for other problems, special tailored software exists that is more efficient.

1 aWetter, Michael uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/genopt-generic-optimization-program01116nas a2200145 4500008004100000050001400041245010200055210006900157300001100226490000700237520061100244100002200855700001900877856007400896 2008 eng d aLBNL-190E00aGasless sputtering: Opportunities for ultraclean metallization, coatings in space, and propulsion0 aGasless sputtering Opportunities for ultraclean metallization co a2215030 v923 a

Pulsed magnetron sputtering was demonstrated in high vacuum: no sputter gas was used at any time. Sustained selfsputtering was initiated by multiply charged ions from a short vacuum arc. Copper ion currents to an ion collector in excess of 30 A were measured, implying a plasma density of about 6 x1018 m-3. This technology may prove useful for metal coatings free of noble gas inclusions and suggests that magnetrons could operate in the vacuum of space. In addition to coating objects in space, the momentum of the sputtered atoms and ions may be utilized in space thrusters.

1 aAndersson, Joakim1 aAnders, André uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/gasless-sputtering-opportunities01287nas a2200133 4500008004100000050001500041245005500056210005400111260003100165490001600196520084400212100002201056856007501078 1997 eng d aLBNL-4044800aGreenhouse Window U-Factors Under Field Conditions0 aGreenhouse Window UFactors Under Field Conditions aSan Francisco, CAc01/19980 v104, Part 13 a

Field measurements of U-factor are reported for two projecting greenhouse windows, each paired with a picture window of comparable insulation level during testing. A well-known calorimetric field test facility was used to make the measurements. The time-varying U-factors obtained are related to measurements of exterior conditions. For one of the greenhouse windows, which was the subject of a published laboratory hotbox test and simulation study, the results are compared with published test and simulation data and found to be in disagreement. Data on interior and exterior film coefficients are presented, and it is shown that the greenhouse window has a significantly lower interior film coefficient than a conventional window under the same interior conditions. This is advanced as a possible explanation of the disagreement.

1 aKlems, Joseph, H. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/greenhouse-window-u-factors-under01722nas a2200169 4500008004100000245006100041210006100102260003100163490001600194520115400210100002501364700002901389700002401418700001601442700002201458856007201480 1997 eng d00aGuidelines for Modeling Projecting Fenestration Products0 aGuidelines for Modeling Projecting Fenestration Products aSan Francisco, CAc01/19980 v104, Part 13 a

Heat transfer patterns in projecting fenestration products (greenhouse windows, skylights, etc.) are different than those with typical planar window products. The projecting surfaces often radiate to each other, thereby invalidating the commonly used assumption that fenestration product interior surfaces radiate to a uniform room air temperature. The convective portion of the surface heat transfer coefficient is also significantly different from the one used with planar geometries, and is even more dependent on geometry and location. Projecting fenestration product profiles must therefore be modeled in their entirety. This paper presents the results of complete cross section, variable film-coefficient, 2-D heat transfer modeling of two greenhouse windows using the next generation of window specific heat transfer modeling tools. The use of variable film-coefficient models is shown to increase the accuracy with which simulation tools can compute U-factors. Simulated U-factors are also determined using conventional constant film coefficient algorithms. The results from both sets of simulations are compared with measured values.

1 aArasteh, Dariush, K.1 aFinlayson, Elizabeth, U.1 aCurcija, Dragan, C.1 aBaker, Jeff1 aHuizenga, Charlie uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/guidelines-modeling-projecting01252nas a2200145 4500008004100000050001400041245008200055210006900137260002800206520072500234100002400959700002500983700001901008856007901027 1995 eng d aLBL-3809300aGas Filled Panels: An Update on Applications in the Building Thermal Envelope0 aGas Filled Panels An Update on Applications in the Building Ther aWashington, DCc11/19953 a

This paper discusses the application of Gas-Filled Panels to the building thermal envelope. Gas-Filled Panels, or GFPs, are thermal insulating devices that retain a high concentration of a low-conductivity gas, at atmospheric pressure, within a multilayer infrared reflective baffle. The thermal performance of the panel depends on the type of gas fill and the baffle configuration. We present computer simulation results showing the improvement in thermal resistance resulting from using an argon-GFP in place of glass fiber batt insulation in wood-frame construction. This report also presents estimates of the quantity and cost of material components needed to manufacture GFPs using current prototype designs.

1 aGriffith, Brent, T.1 aArasteh, Dariush, K.1 aTurler, Daniel uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/gas-filled-panels-update-applications02832nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006200041210006200103260001200165520241300177100003102590700002102621856006802642 1994 eng d00aGlazing Material for Solar and Architectural Applications0 aGlazing Material for Solar and Architectural Applications c09/19943 a

This report summarizes five collaborative research projects on glazings performed by participants in Subtask C of IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC) Task 10, Materials Research and Testing. The projects include materials characterization, optical and thermal measurements, and durability testing of several types of new glazings. Three studies were completed on electrochromic and dispersed liquid crystals for smart windows, and two were completed for low-E coatings and transparent insulation materials for more conventional window and wall applications. In the area of optical switching materials for smart windows, the group developed more uniform characterization parameters that are useful to determine lifetime and performance of electrochromics. The detailed optical properties of an Asahi (Japan) prototype electrochromic window were measured in several laboratories. A one square meter array of prototype devices was tested outdoors and demonstrated significant cooling savings compared to tinted static glazing. Three dispersed liquid crystal window devices from Taliq (USA) were evaluated. In the off state, these liquid crystal windows scatter light greatly. When a voltage of about 100 V ac is applied, these windows become transparent. Undyed devices reduce total visible light transmittance by only .25 when switched, but this can be increased to .50 with the use of dyed liquid crystals. A wide range of solar-optical and emittance measurements were made on low-E coated glass and plastic. Samples of pyrolytic tin oxide from Ford glass (USA) and multilayer metal-dielectric coatings from Interpane (Germany) and Southwall (USA) were evaluated. In addition to optical characterization, the samples were exposure-tested in Switzerland. The thermal and optical properties of two different types of transparent insulation materials were measured. Samples of the polycarbonate honeycomb (supplied by Arel in Israel) and monolithic aerogel (supplied by Airglass in Sweden) were evaluated. Discrepancies in the round robin thermal measurements for the honeycomb material pointed out some measurement problems due to different equipment and procedures used. Overall, these glazing studies were successful in improving the understanding and use of advanced glazings. Follow-on work on most of these glazings will be continued in the new IEA SHC Task 18, Advanced Glazing Materials.

1 aGroup, Windows, and Daylig1 aLampert, Carl, M uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/glazing-material-solar-and