02282nas a2200229 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123260001200192300001000204490000700214520155300221653002501774653002801799653001501827100002301842700001701865700002701882700001901909700002301928700002401951856007701975 1998 eng d00aElectrochromic lithium nickel oxide by pulsed laser deposition and sputtering0 aElectrochromic lithium nickel oxide by pulsed laser deposition a c07/1998 a59-660 v543 a

Thin films of lithium nickel oxide were deposited by sputtering and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from targets of pressed LiNiO2 powder. The composition and structure of these films were analyzed using a variety of techniques, such as nuclear-reaction analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and atomic-force microscopy. Crystalline structure, surface morphology and chemical composition of LixNi1−xO thin films depend strongly on deposition oxygen pressure, temperature as well as substrate–target distance. The films produced at temperatures lower than 600°C spontaneously absorb CO2 and H2O at their surface once they are exposed to the air. The films deposited at 600°C proved to be stable in air over a long period. Even at room temperature the PLD films are denser and more stable than sputtered films. RBS determined the composition of the best films to be Li0.5Ni0.5O deposited by PLD at 60 mTorr O2 pressure. Electrochemical tests show that the films exhibit excellent reversibility in the range 1.0–3.4 V versus lithium. Electrochemical formatting which is used to develop electrochromism in other films is not needed for the stoichiometric films. The optical transmission range is almost 70% at 550 nm for 150 nm-thick films. Devices made from these films were analyzed using novel reference electrodes and by disassembling after cycling.

10aLithium nickel oxide10apulsed laser deposition10asputtering1 aRubin, Michael, D.1 aWen, Shi-Jie1 aRichardson, Thomas, J.1 aKerr, John, B.1 avon Rottkay, Klaus1 aSlack, Jonathan, L. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/electrochromic-lithium-nickel-oxide02253nas a2200169 4500008004100000050001500041245007700056210006900133260002900202300001000231490001000241520169000251100001701941700002301958700002301981856007902004 1996 eng d aLBNL-3959300aElectrochromic Lithium Nickel Oxide Thin Film by Pulsed Laser Deposition0 aElectrochromic Lithium Nickel Oxide Thin Film by Pulsed Laser De aSan Antonio, TXc10/1996 a54-630 v96-243 a

Thin films of lithium nickel oxide were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from targets of pressed LiNiO2 powder with layered structure. The composition, structure and surface air sensitivity of these films were analyzed using a variety of techniques, such as nuclear reaction analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Optical properties were measured using a combination of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and spectroradiometry. Crystalline structure, surface morphology and chemical composition of LixNi1-xO thin films depend strongly on deposition oxygen pressure, temperature as well as substrate target distance. The films produced at temperatures lower than 600 °C spontaneously absorb CO2 and H2O at their surface once they are exposed to the air. The films deposited at 600 °C proved to be stable in air over a long period. Even when deposited at room temperature the PLD films are denser and more stable than sputtered films. RBS determined that the best electrochromic films had the stoichiometric composition Li0.5Ni0.5O when deposited at 60 mTorr O2 pressure. Electrochemical tests show that the films exhibit excellent reversibility in the range 1.0 V to 3.4 V versus lithium and long cyclic life stability in a liquid electrolyte half cell. Electrochemical formatting which is used to develop electrochromism in other films and nickel oxide films is not needed for these stoichiometric films. The optical transmission range is almost 70% at 550 nm for 120 nm thick films.

1 aWen, Shi-Jie1 avon Rottkay, Klaus1 aRubin, Michael, D. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/electrochromic-lithium-nickel-oxide-0