01199nas a2200253 4500008003900000245007500039210006900114260001200183300001400195490000600209520041200215653002400627653002100651653001600672653002800688653002000716100002200736700002500758700001800783700002600801700001800827700002400845856007600869 2013 d00aNear-Infrared Spectrally Selective Plasmonic Electrochromic Thin Films0 aNearInfrared Spectrally Selective Plasmonic Electrochromic Thin  c03/2013 a215 - 2200 v13 a

A plasmonic electrochromic effect in which electrochemical doping reversibly modulates near-infrared surface plasmon absorption of aluminium-doped zinc oxide and tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystals is reported. Optical performance, switching kinetics, and cycling durability point to high-performance NIR selective plasmonic electrochromic coatings based on earth-abundant materials.

10aaluminum zinc oxide10aindium tin oxide10ananocrystal10aspectroelectrochemistry10asurface plasmon1 aGarcia, Guillermo1 aBuonsanti, Raffaella1 aLlordes, Anna1 aRunnerstrom, Evan, L.1 aBergerud, Amy1 aMilliron, Delia, J. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/near-infrared-spectrally-selective02234nas a2200133 4500008004100000050001400041245005800055210005800113260002700171520178300198100002301981700002302004856007302027 2007 eng d aLBNL-501E00aNFRC Interlaboratory Comparison on Optical Properties0 aNFRC Interlaboratory Comparison on Optical Properties aSan Diego, CAc03/20063 a

As part of the NFRC rating process, optical data on glazing materials is combined with other information to calculate various properties of a window product. The administrative procedure for gathering such optical data is governed by NFRC 3021, which in turn refers to NFRC 3002 and NFRC 3013 for the technical procedures by which the optical properties are determined in the solar and infrared ranges, respectively. In practice, the data is compiled by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and becomes part of the International Glazing Database (IGDB).

NFRC 302 specifies that submitters of optical data or their representatives must participate in a 'round robin' or ILC. Often, manufacturers of glazing materials have the optical equipment necessary to perform their own measurements. NFRC 302 allows manufacturers to submit their own measured data subject to a set of checks including peer review to ensure the accuracy of such data. In some cases the glazing manufacturer does not have the required equipment and so may choose to send the samples to a test laboratory. In other cases the manufacturer of the final product such as a laminate may ask a component supplier, often a glass manufacturer, to perform the measurements for them. In such cases the "representative" must have qualified by participating in the ILC. An ILC is only required every four years and it would be unfair to expect new product submitters to wait so long. Therefore, two interpretations are made on occasion: (1) a new data submitter does not have to wait for the next ILC if they submit a set of samples with their first dataset for comparison at LBNL (a mini ILC), or (2) if they have participated in an ILC conducted by some other reputable independent organization.

1 aJonsson, Jacob, C.1 aRubin, Michael, D. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/nfrc-interlaboratory-comparison02982nas a2200145 4500008004100000050001500041245011200056210006900168300001200237490000700249520246300256100002102719700002702740856006902767 2006 eng d aLBNL-5697900aThe New York Times Headquarters Daylighting Mockup: Monitored Performance of the Daylighting Control System0 aNew York Times Headquarters Daylighting Mockup Monitored Perform a914-9290 v383 a

A nine-month monitored field study of the performance of automated roller shades and daylighting controls was conducted in a 401 m2 unoccupied, furnished daylighting mockup. The mockup mimicked the southwest corner of a new 110 km2 commercial building in New York, New York, where The New York Times will be the major tenant. This paper focuses on evaluating the performance of two daylighting control systems installed in separate areas of an open plan office with 1.2-m high workstation partitions: 1) Area A had 0-10 V dimmable ballasts with an open-loop proportional control system and an automated shade controlled to reduce window glare and increase daylight, and 2) Area B had digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) ballasts with a closed-loop integral reset control system and an automated shade controlled to block direct sun. Daylighting control system performance and lighting energy use were monitored. The daylighting control systems demonstrated very reliable performance after they were commissioned properly. Work plane illuminance levels were maintained above 90% of the maximum fluorescent illuminance level for 99.9+/-0.5% and 97.9+/-6.1% of the day on average over the monitored period, respectively, in Areas A and B. Daily lighting energy use savings were significant in both Areas over the equinox-to-equinox period compared to a non-daylit reference case. At 3.35 m from the window, 30% average savings were achieved with a sidelit west-facing condition in Area A while 50-60% were achieved with a bilateral daylit south-facing condition in Area B. At 4.57-9.14 m from the window, 5-10% and 25-40% savings were achieved in Areas A and B, respectively. Average savings for the 7-m deep dimming zone were 20-23% and 52-59% for Areas A and B, respectively, depending on the lighting schedule. The large savings and good reliability can be attributed to the automatic management of the interior shades. The DALI-based system exhibited faulty behavior that remains unexplained, but operational errors are expected to be resolved as DALI products reach full maturity. The building owner received very competitive bids ($30-75 US/DALI ballast) and was able to justify use of the daylighting control system based on operational cost savings and increased amenity. Additional energy savings due to reduced solar and lighting heat gains were not quantified but will add to the total operational cost savings.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/new-york-times-headquarters01574nas a2200145 4500008004100000050001500041245003800056210003800094260002400132300001200156490000800168520115000176100002701326856007501353 2002 eng d aLBNL-5141600aNew Electrochromic Mirror Systems0 aNew Electrochromic Mirror Systems aGolden, COc08/2002 a305-3080 v1653 a

Variable reflectance coatings (switchable mirrors) have significant advantages over traditional absorbing devices for radiant energy control in a variety of architectural and aerospace applications due to their large dynamic ranges in both transmission and reflection in the visible and near infrared regimes. Although electrochromic and gasochromic metal hydride films have been the primary focus of recent research in this field, other systems merit consideration. Two of these, based on electrochemical conversion of copper to copper oxides and of pnicogens to lithium pnictides are discussed here. Three distinct states are available in the copper system: the highly reflecting metal, the transparent Cu(I) oxide, and the black, highly absorbing Cu(II) oxide. Metallic thin films of elemental antimony and bismuth are reversibly converted to transparent, semiconducting lithium pnictides by cathodic polarization in a non-aqueous lithium electrolyte. Like the metal hydrides, these systems provide substantial modulation of near infrared transmission and reflection, but have somewhat lower visible reflectance in their mirror states.

1 aRichardson, Thomas, J. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/new-electrochromic-mirror-systems02515nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008900041210006900130260003000199490001600229520198000245100002102225700002402246700002502270856007402295 2000 eng d00aNatural Convection Effects in Three-Dimensional Window Frames with Internal Cavities0 aNatural Convection Effects in ThreeDimensional Window Frames wit aCincinnati, Ohioc06/20010 v107, Part 23 a

This paper studies three-dimensional natural convection effects in window frames with internal cavities. Infrared (IR) thermography experiments, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and calculations with traditional software for simulating two-dimensional heat conduction were conducted. The IR thermography experiments mapped surface temperatures during steady-state thermal tests between ambi-ent thermal chambers set at 0 deg. C and 20 deg. C. Using anon-contact infrared scanning radiometer and an external referencing technique, we were able to obtain surface temperature maps with a resolution of 0.1 deg. C and 3 mm and an estimated uncertainty of 0.5 deg. C and +/-3 mm. The conjugate CFD simulations modeled the enclosed air cavities, frame section walls, and foam board surround panel. With the two-dimensional heat conduction simulation software, weusedcorrelations to model heat transfer in the air cavities. For both the CFD simulations and the conduction simulation software, boundary conditions at the external air/solid interface were modeled using constant surface heat-transfer coefficients with fixed ambient air temperatures.

Different cases were studied, including simple, four-sided frame sections (with one open internal cavity), simple vertical sections with a single internal cavity, and horizontal sections with a single internal cavity. The sections tested in the Infrared Thermography Laboratory (IR lab) were made of PVC. Both PVC and thermally broken aluminum sections were modeled. Based on the current investigations, it appears that the thermal transmittance or U-factor of a four-sided section can be found by calculating the average of the thermal transmittance of the respective single horizontal and vertical sections. In addition, we conclude that two-dimensional heat transfer simulation software agrees well with CFD simulations if the natural convection correlations used for the internal cavities are correct.

1 aGustavsen, Arlid1 aGriffith, Brent, T.1 aArasteh, Dariush, K. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/natural-convection-effects-three00858nas a2200133 4500008004100000050001500041245006800056210006800124300001100192490000700203520041500210100002200625856007700647 1999 eng d aLBNL-4282500aNet Energy Performance Measurements on Electrochromic Skylights0 aNet Energy Performance Measurements on Electrochromic Skylights a93-1020 v333 a

Tests of skylights made from prototype electrochromic glazings were performed in a room-sized calorimetric test facility under ambient outdoor summer conditions in Reno, NV. The test methodology and the resultant measurements of skylight heat flows and temperatures with their diurnal variations are presented. Special test issues relating to the dynamic switchable nature of the glazings are discussed.

1 aKlems, Joseph, H. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/net-energy-performance-measurements01437nas a2200157 4500008004100000050001500041245009200056210006900148260003100217520085700248100002001105700002001125700002501145700002101170856008801191 1996 eng d aLBNL-3969200aThe National Energy Requirements of Residential Windows in the U.S.: Today and Tomorrow0 aNational Energy Requirements of Residential Windows in the US To aPacific Grove, CAc08/19963 a

This paper describes an end-use analysis of the national energy requirements of U.S. residential window technologies. We estimate that the current U.S. stock of 19 billion square feet of residential windows is responsible for 1.7 quadrillion BTUs (or quads) per year of energy use - 1.3 quads of heating and 0.4 quads of cooling energy - which represents about 2% of total U.S. energy consumption. We show that national energy use due to windows could be reduced by 25% by the year 2010 through accelerated adoption of currently available, advanced window technologies such as low-e and solar control low-e coatings, vinyl and wood frames, and superwindows. We evaluate the economics of the technologies regionally, considering both climatic and energy price variations, and find that the technologies would be cost effective for most consumers.

1 aFrost, Karl, J.1 aEto, Joseph, H.1 aArasteh, Dariush, K.1 aYazdanian, Mehry uhttp://aceee.org/files/proceedings/1996/data/papers/SS96_Panel10_Paper07.pdf#page=101245nas a2200169 4500008004100000024001100041245008800052210006900140260002900209520065400238100001800892700001800910700002100928700002500949700002700974856007401001 1995 eng d aBS-33100aNFRC Efforts to Develop a Residential Fenestration Annual Energy Rating Methodology0 aNFRC Efforts to Develop a Residential Fenestration Annual Energy aToronto, Canadac06/19953 a

This paper documents efforts currently being undertaken by the National Fenestration Rating Councils Annual Energy Rating Subcommittee to develop procedures to quantify the energy impacts of fenestration products in typical residential buildings throughout the United States. Parallel paths focus on (1) the development of simplified heating and cooling indices and (2) the development of a more detailed methodology to calculate the cost and energy impacts of specific products in a variety of housing types. These procedures are currently under discussion by NFRCs Technical Committee; future efforts will also address commercial buildings.

1 aCrooks, Brian1 aLarsen, James1 aSullivan, Robert1 aArasteh, Dariush, K.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/nfrc-efforts-develop-residential01903nas a2200133 4500008004100000050001400041245014300055210006900198260002800267490001600295520136000311100002201671856007601693 1993 eng d aLBL-3471500aA New Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestration Systems I. Overview and Derivation of the Matrix Layer Calculation0 aNew Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestr aNew Orleans LAc01/19940 v100, Part 13 a

A new method of predicting the solar heat gain through complex fenestration systems involving nonspecular layers such as shades or blinds has been examined in a project jointly sponsored by ASHRAE and DOE. In this method, a scanning radiometer is used to measure the bidirectional radiative transmittance and reflectance of each layer of a fenestration system. The properties of systems containing these layers are then built up computationally from the measured layer properties using a transmission/multiple-reflection calculation. The calculation produces the total directional-hemispherical transmittance of the fenestration system and the layer-by-layer absorptances. These properties are in turn combined with layer-specific measurements of the inward-flowing fractions of absorbed solar energy to produce the overall solar heat gain coefficient. In this first in a series of related papers describing the project, the assumptions and limitations of the calculation method are described and the derivation of the matrix calculation technique from the initial integral equations is presented.

In this first in a series of related papers describing the project, the assumptions and limitations of the calculation method are described and the derivation of the matrix calculation technique from the initial integral equations is presented.

1 aKlems, Joseph, H. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/new-method-predicting-solar-heat-001572nas a2200121 4500008004100000024001100041245014100052210006900193490000800262520108200270100002201352856007601374 1993 eng d aDA-32100aA New Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestration Systems II. Detailed Description of the Matrix Layer Calculation0 aNew Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestr0 v1003 a

A new method of predicting the solar heat gain through complex fenestration systems involving nonspecular layers such as shades or blinds has been examined in a project jointly sponsored by ASHRAE and DOE. In this method, a scanning radiometer is used to measure the bi-directional radiative transmittance and reflectance of each layer of a fenestration system. The properties of systems containing these layers are then built up computationally from the measured layer properties using a transmission/multiple-reflection calculation. The calculation produces the total directional-hemispherical transmittance of the fenestration system and the layer-by-layer absorptances. These properties are in turn combined with layer-specific measurements of the inward-flowing fractions of absorbed solar energy to produce the overall solar heat gain coefficient.

A preceding paper outlined the method and provided the physical derivation of the calculation. In this second of a series of related papers the detailed development of the matrix layer calculation is presented.

1 aKlems, Joseph, H. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/new-method-predicting-solar-heat-101559nas a2200097 4500008004100000245006100041210006000102520119800162100002201360856007901382 1992 eng d00aNet Energy Performance Measurements on Two Low-E Windows0 aNet Energy Performance Measurements on Two LowE Windows3 a

Experimental studies using the Mobile Window Thermal Test (MoWiTT) Facility were undertaken to compare the performance of low-E windows manufactured with two different technologies, sputter-coated (soft-coat) and an improved pyrolytic chemical vapor deposition (hard-coat). The two technologies produce coatings with different emissivities and solar absorptions. The tests showed that from the standpoint of winter average daily performance, the higher solar transmission of the pyrolytic coatings tends to offset their higher emissivity, making the average performance of windows with the two coatings more similar than one would predict on the basis of either property alone. The tradeoff between the two window types is both orientation and climate dependent. Differences between the two windows were within the small experimental uncertainty of the measurement for all orientations except south, where the pyrolytic coating produced a larger net heat gain. Summer tests in a west-facing orientation showed that both windows produced large solar heat gains if unshaded, and that shading with an interior white venetian blind was not a very effective way of reducing these heat gains.

1 aKlems, Joseph, H. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/net-energy-performance-measurements-001745nas a2200133 4500008004100000050001400041245008400055210006900139260003400208520124400242100002201486700002401508856007901532 1992 eng d aLBL-3219800aA New Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestration Systems0 aNew Method for Predicting the Solar Heat Gain of Complex Fenestr aClearwater Beach, FLc12/19923 a

A new method of predicting the solar heat gain through complex fenestration systems involving nonspecular layers such as shades or blinds has been examined in a project jointly sponsored by ASHRAE and DOE. In this method, a scanning radiometer is used to measure the bi-directional radiative transmittance and reflectance of each layer of a fenestration system. The properties of systems containing these layers are then built up computationally from the measured layer properties using a transmission/multiple-reflection calculation. The calculation produces the total directional-hemispherical transmittance of the fenestration system and the layer-by-layer absorptances. These properties are in turn combined with layer-specific measurements of the inward-flowing fractions of absorbed solar energy to produce the overall solar heat gain coefficient.

The method has been applied to one of the most optically complex systems in common use, a venetian blind in combination with multiple glazings. A comparison between the scanner-based calculation method and direct system calorimetric measurements made on the LBL MoWiTT facility showed good agreement, and is a significant validation of the method accuracy and feasibility.

1 aKlems, Joseph, H.1 aWarner, Jeffrey, L. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/new-method-predicting-solar-heat-gain