TY - RPRT T1 - Technology Assessments of High Performance Envelope with Optimized Lighting, Solar Control, and Daylighting Y1 - 2016/09// A1 - Eleanor S. Lee A1 - Anothai Thanachareonkit A1 - Samir Touzani A1 - Spencer M. Dutton A1 - Jordan Shackelford A1 - Darryl J. Dickerhoff A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz AB - Innovative, cost-effective, energy efficiency technologies and strategies for new and retrofit construction markets are essential for achieving near-term, broad market impacts. This study focuses on innovative shading and daylighting technologies that have the potential to significantly curtail annual cooling and lighting electricity use and reduce summer peak electric demand, particularly in the hot, sunny, inland areas where there has been significant population growth.The building industry is well aware that energy-efficiency potential does not always match actual, real world performance in the field due to a variety of mitigating factors. Third party verification of the energy savings potential of innovative technologies is important for market adoption. In the case of shading and daylighting technologies, new simulation tools have only recently been developed to improve modeling accuracy. Market acceptance is also heavily dependent on how well the technology balances comfort and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) requirements (e.g., view, brightness, etc.). PG&E commissioned this full-scale monitored study to better understand the impact of mitigating factors on performance so as to make more informed decisions when constructing program interventions that support technology adoption in the market. PB - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory CY - Berkeley, CA U2 - LBNL-2001051 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Theory documentation for software to control the pgII phirot2 automated sample mount and analyzing data obtained Y1 - 2013/09// A1 - Jacob C. Jonsson AB - The phirot2 sample holder is a device used for controlling the angle of incidence for anisotropic samples with the pgII photogoniometer.The first topic covered is how to control the instrument using the allmess command line tool which allows the measurement sequence to be more flexible than the pgc GUI tool usually used for control. A method to monitor drift over long measurement sessions is also covered. Tangential to this is several syntax examples of how bash shell script is used to call allmess. Code to generate bash scripts for samples with different degree of symmetry is discussed as well as how to modify a script to continue from a certain point if a measurement was aborted.The second half of the document describes how to access the data and compile the data into the Klems XML format. A path for future combination with the Radiance interpolation format is also given.Finally verification and visualization of BSDF data is discussed. CY - Berkeley ER - TY - RPRT T1 - The three-phase method for simulating complex fenestration with Radiance Y1 - 2013/08// A1 - Andrew McNeil AB - The "three-phase method" is a means to perform annual simulation of complex and/or dynamic fenestration systems. Flux transfer is broken into the following three phases for independ ent simulation:Sky to exterior of fenestrationTransmission through fenestrationInterior of fenestration into the simulated spaceRather than simulate a specific daylight condition, the three-phase method calculates normalized coefficients that relate flux input to output for each phase. A result for a specific daylight condition is computed by multiplying the coefficient matrices by the input values (sky luminance values). Matrix calculation can be performed very quickly enabling the user to simulate many sky conditions and fenestration transmission properties.This document starts with a brief overview of the three-phase method. Following is a detailed discussion of each phase of flux transfer including an explanation of new tools that were develop ed for the three - phase method, explained in detail. Two examples follow the detailed discussion, the first a simple space with one south facing window, the second a space with south and east facing windows. ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Tips for Daylighting with Windows: The Integrated Approach, 2nd Edition Y1 - 2013/ A1 - Jennifer Schumann A1 - Eleanor S. Lee A1 - Francis M. Rubinstein A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz A1 - Alastair Robinson AB - These guidelines provide an integrated approach to the cost-effective design of perimeter zones in new commercial buildings and existing building retrofits. They function as a quick reference for building designers, through a set of easy steps and rules-of-thumb, emphasizing "how-to" practical details. References are given to more detailed sources of information, should the reader wish to go further.The design method used in this document emphasizes that building decisions should be made within the context of the whole building as a single functioning system rather than as an assembly of distinct parts. This integrated design approach looks at the ramifications of each individual system decision on the whole building. For example, the decision on glazing selection will have an effect on lighting, mechanical systems, and interior design. Therefore, the entire design team should participate and influence this glazing decision—which typically rests with the architect alone. The benefit of an integrated design approach is a greater chance of success towards long-term comfort and sustained energy savings in the building. ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Technical Note: Commissioning procedures for the dimmable daylighting control systems Y1 - 2007/03// A1 - Francis M. Rubinstein AB - This memorandum presents a procedure for verifying that the lighting controls manufacturer has properly calibrated the response of control system for the overhead lighting at the NY Times building. Proper calibration of the lighting control system in this building means adjusting the output of the overhead lighting system so that the following criteria are satisfied:The average illuminance over a representative portion of the workstation task surface is at least 90% of the target design level (450 lux is 90% of the target 500 lux level1) andThe overhead lights in the vicinity of the workstation are significantly dimmed (or OFF) if the average illuminance is > 125% (650 lux) of the target level. CY - Berkeley, California ER - TY - CONF T1 - Two-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics and Conduction Simulations of Heat Transfer in Horizontal Window Frames with Internal Cavities T2 - 2007 ASHRAE Winter Meeting Y1 - 2007/01// A1 - Arlid Gustavsen A1 - Christian Kohler A1 - Arvid Dalehaug A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh AB - This paper assesses the accuracy of the simplified frame cavity conduction/convection and radiation models presented in ISO 15099 and used in software for rating and labeling window products. Temperatures and U-factors for typical horizontal window frames with internal cavities are compared; results from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with detailed radiation modeling are used as a reference.Four different frames were studied. Two were made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and two of aluminum. For each frame, six different simulations were performed, two with a CFD code and four with a building-component thermal-simulation tool using the Finite Element Method (FEM). This FEM tool addresses convection using correlations from ISO 15099; it addressed radiation with either correlations from ISO 15099 or with a detailed, view-factor-based radiation model. Calculations were performed using the CFD code with and without fluid flow in the window frame cavities; the calculations without fluid flow were performed to verify that the CFD code and the building-component thermal-simulation tool produced consistent results. With the FEM-code, the practice of subdividing small frame cavities was examined, in some cases not subdividing, in some cases subdividing cavities with interconnections smaller than five millimeters (mm) (ISO 15099) and in some cases subdividing cavities with interconnections smaller than seven mm (a breakpoint that has been suggested in other studies). For the various frames, the calculated U-factors were found to be quite comparable (the maximum difference between the reference CFD simulation and the other simulations was found to be 13.2 percent). A maximum difference of 8.5 percent was found between the CFD simulation and the FEM simulation using ISO 15099 procedures. The ISO 15099 correlation works best for frames with high U-factors. For more efficient frames, the relative differences among various simulations are larger.Temperature was also compared, at selected locations on the frames. Small differences was found in the results from model to model.Finally, the effectiveness of the ISO cavity radiation algorithms was examined by comparing results from these algorithms to detailed radiation calculations (from both programs). Our results suggest that improvements in cavity heat transfer calculations can be obtained by using detailed radiation modeling (i.e. view-factor or ray-tracing models), and that incorporation of these strategies may be more important for improving the accuracy of results than the use of CFD modeling for horizontal cavities. JF - 2007 ASHRAE Winter Meeting CY - Dallas, TX U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-1132E ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Technical Note: The New York Times Demand Response Strategies for the HVAC System Y1 - 2006/ A1 - Flack + Kurtz ER - TY - CONF T1 - Two-Dimension Conduction and CFD Simulations for Heat Transfer in Horizontal Window Frame Cavities T2 - 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting Y1 - 2005/02// A1 - Arlid Gustavsen A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - Christian Kohler A1 - Dragan C. Curcija AB - Accurately analyzing heat transfer in window frames and glazings is important for developing and characterizing the performance of highly insulating window products. This paper uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to assess the accuracy of the simplified frame cavity conduction/convection models presented in ISO 15099 and used in software for rating and labeling window products. Three representative complex cavity cross-section profiles with varying dimensions and aspect ratios are examined. The results presented support the ISO 15099 rule that complex cavities with small throats should be subdivided; however, our data suggest that cavities with throats smaller than 7 mm should be subdivided, in contrast to the ISO 15099 rule, which places the break point at 5 mm. The agreement between CFD modeling results and the results of the simplified models is moderate for the heat transfer rates through the cavities. The differences may be a result of the underlying ISO 15099 Nusselt number correlations being based on studies where cavity height/length aspect ratios were smaller than 0.5 and greater than 5 (with linear interpolation assumed in between). The results presented here are for horizontal frame members because convection in vertical jambs involves very different aspect ratios that require three-dimensional CFD simulations. JF - 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting CY - Orlando, FL VL - 111 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-61250 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Time-Dependence of Ion Charge State Distributions of Vacuum Arcs: An Interpretation Involving Atoms and Charge Exchange Collisions JF - IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Y1 - 2004/ SP - 205 EP - 209 A1 - André Anders AB - Experimentally observed charge state distributions are known to be higher at the beginning of each arc discharge. Up to know, this has been attributed to cathode surface effects in terms of changes of temperature, chemical composition and spot mode. Here it is shown that the initial decay of charge states of cathodic arc plasmas may at least in part due to charge exchange collisions of ions with neutrals that gradually fill the discharge volume. Sources of neutrals may include evaporated atoms from macroparticles and still-hot craters of previously active arc spots. More importantly, atoms are also produced by energetic condensation of the cathodic arc plasma. Self-sputtering is significant when ions impact with near-normal angle of incidence, and ions have low sticking probability when impacting at oblique angle of incidence. Estimates show that the characteristic time for filling the near-cathode discharge volume agrees well with the charge state decay time, and the likelihood of charge exchange is reasonably large to be taken into account. VL - 33 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-56214 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - THERM 5/WINDOW 5 NFRC Simulation Manual Y1 - 2003/ A1 - Robin Mitchell A1 - Christian Kohler A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - John Carmody A1 - Charlie Huizenga A1 - Dragan C. Curcija AB - This document, the THERM 5 / WINDOW 5 NFRC Simulation Manual, discusses how to use the THERM and WINDOW programs to model products for NFRC certified simulations and assumes that the user is already familiar with those programs. In order to learn how to use these programs, it is necessary to become familiar with the material in both the THERM Users Manual and the WINDOW Users Manual. In general, this manual references the Users Manuals rather than repeating the information.If there is a conflict between either of the User Manual and this THERM 5 / WINDOW 5 NFRC Simulation Manual, the THERM 5 / WINDOW 5 NFRC Simulation Manual takes precedence. In addition, if this manual is in conflict with any NFRC standards, the standards take precedence. For example, if samples in this manual do not follow the current taping and testing NFRC standards, the standards not the samples in this manual, take precedence. U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-48255 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Two-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics and Conduction Simulations of Heat Transfer in Window Frames with Internal Cavities - Part 1: Cavities Only T2 - ASHRAE Winter Meeting Y1 - 2005/02// A1 - Arlid Gustavsen A1 - Christian Kohler A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - Dragan C. Curcija AB - Accurately analyzing heat transfer in window frame cavities is essential for developing and characterizing the performance of highly insulating window products. Window frame thermal performance strongly influences overall product thermal performance because framing materials generally perform much more poorly than glazing materials. This paper uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling to assess the accuracy of the simplified frame cavity conduction/convection models presented in ISO 15099 and used in software for rating and labeling window products. (We do not address radiation heat-transfer effects.) We examine three representative complex cavity cross-section profiles with varying dimensions and aspect ratios. Our results support the ISO 15099 rule that complex cavities with small throats should be subdivided; however, our data suggest that cavities with throats smaller than seven millimeters (mm) should be subdivided, in contrast to the ISO 15099 rule, which places the break point at five mm. The agreement between CFD modeling results and the results of the simplified models is moderate. The differences in results may be a result of the underlying ISO correlations being based on studies where cavity height/length (H/L) aspect ratios were smaller than 0.5 and greater than five (with linear interpolation assumed in between). The results presented here are for horizontal frame members because convection in vertical jambs involves very different aspect ratios that require three-dimensional CFD simulations. Ongoing work focuses on quantifying the exact effect on window thermal performance indicators of using the ISO 15099 approximations in typical real window frames. JF - ASHRAE Winter Meeting CY - Orlando, FL U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-52509 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - THERM 5.0 User's Manual Y1 - 2001/ A1 - Windows and Daylighting Group U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-49233 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - THERM Simulations of Window Indoor Surface Temperatures for Predicting Condensation JF - ASHRAE Transactions Y1 - 2001/ SP - 593 EP - 599 A1 - Christian Kohler A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - Robin Mitchell AB - As part of a round robin project, the performance of two wood windows and a Calibrated Transfer Standard was modeled using the THERM heat-transfer simulation program. The resulting interior surface temperatures can be used as input to condensation resistance rating procedures. The Radiation and Condensation Index features within THERM were used to refine the accuracy of simulation results. Differences in surface temperatures between the Basic calculations and those incorporating the Radiation and/or Condensation Index features are demonstrated and explained. CY - Atlantic City, NJ VL - 109, Part 1 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-47962 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - THERM 2.1 NFRC Simulation Manual Y1 - 2000/07// SP - 260 A1 - Robin Mitchell A1 - Christian Kohler A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - Elizabeth U. Finlayson A1 - Charlie Huizenga A1 - Dragan C. Curcija A1 - John Carmody AB - This document, the THERM 2.1 NFRC Simulation Manual, discusses how to use THERM to model products for NFRC certified simulations and assumes that the user is already familiar with the THERM program. In order to learn how to use THERM, it is necessary to become familiar with the material in the THERM User's Manual.In general, this manual references the THERM User's Manual rather than repeating the information.If there is a conflict between the THERM User's Manual and the THERM 2.1 NFRC Simulation Manual, the THERM 2.1 NFRC Simulation Manual takes precedence. U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - PUB-3147 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Three-Dimensional Conjugate Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Internal Window Frame Cavities Validated Using IR Thermography JF - ASHRAE Transactions Y1 - 2001/06// SP - 538 EP - 549 A1 - Arlid Gustavsen A1 - Brent T. Griffith A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh AB - This paper studies the effectiveness of one commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program for simulating combined natural convection and heat transfer in three dimensions for air-filled cavities similar to those found in the extruded frame sections of windows. The accuracy of the conjugate CFD simulations is evaluated by comparing results for surface temperature on the warm side of the specimens to results from experiments that use infrared (IR) thermography to map surface temperatures during steady-state thermal tests between ambient thermal chambers set at 0 °C and 20 °C. Validations using surface temperatures have been used in previous studies of two-dimensional simulations of glazing cavities with generally good results. Using the techniques presented and a noncontact infrared scanning radiometer we obtained surface temperature maps with a resolution of 0.1 °C and 3 mm and an estimated uncertainty of +/-0.5 °C and +/-3mm. Simulation results are compared to temperature line and contour plots for the warm side of the specimen. Six different cases were studied, including a simple square section in a single vertical cavity and two four-sided frame cavities as well as more complex H- and U-shaped sections. The conjugate CFD simulations modeled the enclosed air cavities, the frame section walls, and the foam board surround panel. Boundary conditions at the indoor and outdoor air/solid interface were modeled using constant surface heat-transfer coefficients with fixed ambient-air temperatures. In general, there was good agreement between the simulations and experiments, although the accuracy of the simulations is not explicitly quantified. We conclude that such simulations are useful for future evaluations of natural convection heat transfer in frame cavities. CY - Cincinnati, Ohio VL - 107 IS - 2 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-46825 ER - TY - CONF T1 - THERM 2.0: A Building Component Model for Steady-State Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer T2 - Building Simulation 99, International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA) Y1 - 1999/09// A1 - Charlie Huizenga A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - Elizabeth U. Finlayson A1 - Robin Mitchell A1 - Brent T. Griffith A1 - Dragan C. Curcija AB - THERM 2.0 is a state-of-the-art software program, available without cost, that uses the finite-element method to model steady-state, two-dimensional heat-transfer problems. It includes a powerful simulation engine combined with a simple, interactive interface and graphic results. Although it was developed primarily to model thermal properties of windows, it is appropriate for other building components such as walls, doors, roofs, and foundations, and is useful for modeling thermal bridges in many other contexts, such as the design of equipment. JF - Building Simulation 99, International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA) CY - Kyoto, Japan U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-43991 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Toward a Virtual Building Laboratory Y1 - 1999/03// A1 - Joseph H. Klems A1 - Elizabeth U. Finlayson A1 - Thomas H. Olsen A1 - David W Banks A1 - Jani M. Pallis AB - Buildings account for about one-third of all energy used in the US and about two-thirds of all electricity, with associated environmental impacts.(EIA 1996) After more than 20 years of DOE-supported research universities and national laboratories, a great deal is known about the energy performance of buildings and especially their components and subsystems. The development and market introduction of improved energy efficient technology, such as low-E windows and electronic ballasts, have helped reduce energy use, and the resultant savings will increase, as use of the new technologies becomes more widespread. A variety of approaches to speed market penetration have been and are being pursued, including information dissemination, research to evaluate performance and development of computer tools for making energy performance simulations available to architects and engineers at the earliest design stages. Public-domain computer building energy simulation models, (BLAST_Support_Office 1992; Winkelmann, Birdsall et al. 1993) a controversial idea 20 years ago, have been extremely successful in facilitating the design of more energy-efficient buildings and providing the technical basis for improved state building codes, federal guidelines, and voluntary standards. But the full potential of savings, estimated at 50% of current consumption or $100 billion/year, (Bevington and Rosenfeld 1990; Todesco 1996; Holdren 1997; Kolderup and Syphers 1997; ORNL, LBNL et al. 1997) will require that architects and engineers take an integrated look at buildings beginning in the early design phase, with increasing use of sophisticated, complex and interrelated building systems. This puts a greater burden on the designer and engineer to make accurate engineering decisions. U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-43006 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Teaching Students about Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer Effects in Buildings, Building Components, Equipment, and Appliances Using THERM 2.0 JF - ASHRAE Transactions Y1 - 1999/01// A1 - Charlie Huizenga A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - Elizabeth U. Finlayson A1 - Robin Mitchell A1 - Brent T. Griffith AB - THERM 2.0 is a state-of-the-art software program, available for free, that uses the finite-element method to model steady-state, two-dimensional heat-transfer effects. It is being used internationally in graduate and undergraduate laboratories and classes as an interactive educational tool to help students gain a better understanding of heat transfer. THERM offers students a powerful simulation engine combined with a simple, interactive interface and graphic results. Although it was developed to model thermal properties of building components such as windows, walls, doors, roofs, and foundations, it is useful for modeling thermal bridges in many other contexts, such as the design of equipment. These capabilities make THERM a useful teaching tool in classes on: heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC); energy conservation; building design; and other subjects where heat-transfer theory and applications are important. THERMs state-of-the-art interface and graphic presentation allow students to see heat-transfer paths and to learn how changes in materials affect heat transfer. THERM is an excellent tool for helping students understand the practical application of heat-transfer theory. CY - Chicago, IL VL - 105, Part 1 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-42102 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - THERM 2.0: a PC Program for Analyzing Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer through Building products Y1 - 1998/ A1 - Elizabeth U. Finlayson A1 - Robin Mitchell A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - Charlie Huizenga A1 - Dragan C. Curcija AB - THERM is a state-of-the-art, Microsoft Windows?-based computer program developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) for use by building component manufacturers, engineers, educators, students, architects, and others interested in heat transfer. Using THERM, you can model two-dimensional heat-transfer effects in building components such as windows, walls, foundations, roofs, and doors; appliances; and other products where thermal bridges are of concern. THERM's heat-transfer analysis allows you to evaluate a product?s energy efficiency and local temperature patterns, which may relate directly to problems with condensation, moisture damage, and structural integrity.This version of THERM includes several new technical and user interface features; the most significant is a radiation view-factor algorithm. This feature increases the accuracy of calculations in situations where you are analyzing non-planar surfaces that have different temperatures and exchange energy through radiation heat transfer. This heat-transfer mechanism is important in greenhouse windows, hollow cavities, and some aluminum frames. U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBL-37371R ER - TY - CONF T1 - Tungsten-Vanadium Oxide Sputtered Films for Electrochromic Devices T2 - Electrochemical Society: Molecular Functions of Electroactive Thin Films Y1 - 1998/11// A1 - Thomas J. Richardson A1 - Klaus von Rottkay A1 - Jonathan L. Slack A1 - Franck Michalak A1 - Michael D. Rubin AB - Mixed vanadium and tungsten oxide films with compositions ranging from 0 to 100% vanadium (metals basis) were prepared by reactive sputtering from metallic vanadium and tungsten targets in an atmosphere of argon and oxygen. The vanadium content varied smoothly with the fraction of total power applied to the vanadium target. Films containing vanadium were more color neutral than pure tungsten oxide films, tending to gray-brown at high V fraction. The electrochromic switching performance of these films was investigated by in situ monitoring of their visible transmittance during lithium insertion/extraction cycling in a non-aqueous electrolyte (1M LiClO4 in PC). the solar transmittance and reflectance was measured ex-situ. Films with vanadium content greater than about 15%, exhibited a marked decrease in switching range. The coloration efficiencies followed a similar trend. JF - Electrochemical Society: Molecular Functions of Electroactive Thin Films CY - Boston, MA VL - 98-26 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-42381 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermal and Daylighting of an Automated Venetian Blind and Lighting System in a Full-Scale Private Office JF - Energy and Buildings Y1 - 1997/07/01/ SP - 47 EP - 63 A1 - Eleanor S. Lee A1 - Dennis L. DiBartolomeo A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz AB - Dynamic envelope/lighting systems have the potential to optimize the perimeter zone energy balance between daylight admission and solar heat gain rejection on a real-time basis, and to increase occupant comfort. Two side-by-side full-scale offices in Oakland, California were built to further develop and test this concept. An automated venetian blind was operated in synchronization with a dimmable electric lighting system to block direct sun, provide the design workplane illuminance, and maximize view. The research program encompassed system design refinements, energy measurements, and human factors tests. In this study, we present lighting energy and cooling load data that were monitored in this facility over the course of a year. Significant energy savings and peak demand reductions were attained with the automated venetian blind/ lighting system compared to a static venetian blind with the same dimmable electric lighting system. Correlations between key weather parameters and cooling and lighting were used to illustrate how the dynamic system was able to simultaneously achieve optimization between lighting and cooling end uses under the full range of weather conditions of this sunny, moderate climate. Energy-efficiency estimates were conservative since experience shows that conventional daylighting control systems and manually operated shading devices are rarely used effectively in real world applications. VL - 29 U2 - LBNL-40509 U3 -

472280

U5 -

Integrated Systems

ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Tips for Daylighting with Windows: The Integrated Approach Y1 - 1997/ A1 - Jennifer O'Conner A1 - Eleanor S. Lee A1 - Francis M. Rubinstein A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz AB - These guidelines provide an integrated approach to the cost-effective design of perimeter zones in new commercial buildings. They function as a quick reference for designers through a set of easy steps and rules-of-thumb, emphasizing "how-to" practical details. References are given to more detailed sources of information, should the reader wish to go further.No guidelines can answer all possible questions from all types of users. However, this document addresses the most commonly occurring scenarios. The guidance here is limited by the medium; short paper documents can only go so far in assisting a designer with a unique project. This document has been carefully shaped to best meet the needs of a designer when time does not permit a more extensive form of assistance.The design method used in this document emphasizes that building decisions should be made within the context of the whole building as a single functioning system rather than as an assembly of distinct parts. This integrated design approach looks at the ramifications of each individual system decision on the whole building. For example, the glazing selection will have an effect on lighting, mechanical, and interior design. Therefore, the entire design team should participate in and influence this decision—which typically rests with the architect alone. The benefit of an integrated design approach is a greater chance of success towards long term comfort and sustained energy savings in the building. U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-39945 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Transforming the Market for Residential Windows: Design Considerations for DOE's Efficient Window Collaborative T2 - 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings Y1 - 1996/08// A1 - Joseph H. Eto A1 - Dariush K. Arasteh A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz AB - Market adoption of recent, commercially available technological advances that improve the energy performance of windows will lead to immediate economic and energy savings benefits to the nation. This paper is a scoping study intended to inform the design of a major DOE initiative to accelerate market adoption of these windows in the residential sector. We describe the structure of the U.S. residential window market and the interests of the various market players. We then briefly review five recent market transformation initiatives. Finally, we summarize our findings in a list of considerations we believe will be important for the DOE's initiative to transform the U.S. residential window market. JF - 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings PB - ACEEE CY - Pacific Grove, CA UR - http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/1996/data/papers/SS96_Panel10_Paper05.pdf#page=1 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-42254 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermal Annealing Characteristics of Si and Mg-implanted GaN Thin Films JF - Applied Physics Letters Y1 - 1996/03// SP - 2702 EP - 2704 A1 - James S. Chan A1 - Nathan W. Cheung A1 - Lawrence F. Schloss A1 - Erin C. Jones A1 - William S. Wong A1 - Nathan Newman A1 - Xiaohong Liu A1 - Eicke R. Weber A1 - A. Gassman A1 - Michael D. Rubin KW - annealing KW - crystal doping KW - defect states KW - electrical properties KW - gallium nitrides KW - ion implantation KW - magnesium additions KW - microstructure KW - silicon additions AB - In this letter, we report the results of ion implantation of GaN using 28Si and 23Mg species. Structural and electrical characterizations of the GaN thin films after thermal annealing show that native defects in the GaN films dominate over implant doping effects. The formation energies of the annealing induced defects are estimated to range from 1.4 to 3.6 eV. A 30 keV10^14 cm-2 Mg implant results in the decrease of the free-carrier concentration by three orders of magnitude compared to unimplanted GaN up to an annealing temperature of 690 °C. Furthermore, we have observed the correlation between these annealing-induced defects to both improved optical and electrical properties. VL - 68 IS - 19 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBL-37372 DO - 10.1063/1.116314 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Towards Large-area Photovoltaic Nanocells: Experiences Learned from Smart Window Technology JF - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Y1 - 1994/03// SP - 307 EP - 321 A1 - Carl M Lampert AB - This investigation covers two technologies which have different applications but have many similar characteristics. One is the nanocell photoelectrochemical solar cell, the other is the electrochromic window. At first it is hard to see what they have in common other then that they both interact with light. VL - 32 IS - 3 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-39076 DO - 10.1016/0927-0248(94)90266-6 ER -