TY - JOUR T1 - Balancing daylight, glare, and energy-efficiency goals: An evaluation of exterior coplanar shading systems using complex fenestration modeling tools JF - Energy and Buildings Y1 - 2016/01// SP - 279 EP - 298 A1 - Sabine Hoffmann A1 - Eleanor S. Lee A1 - Andrew McNeil A1 - Luis L. Fernandes A1 - Dragan Vidanovic A1 - Anothai Thanachareonkit KW - Complex fenestration systems KW - Discomfort Glare KW - Energy Plus KW - Energy Use Intensity KW - Exterior shades KW - Glare Control KW - radiance AB - Exterior shades are the most effective way to control solar load in buildings. Twelve different coplanar shades with different geometry, material properties and cut-off angles were investigated for two California climates: the moderate San Francisco Bay Area climate and a hot and dry Southern California climate. The presented results distinguish themselves from other simulation studies by a newly developed method that combines three research-grade software programs (Radiance, EnergyPlus and Window 7) to calculate heat transfer, daylight, and glare resulting from optically-complex fenestration systems more accurately. Simulations were run for a case with constant electric lighting and a case with daylighting controls for a prototypical, internal load dominated office building.In the case of daylighting controls, the choice of slat angle and solar cut-off angle of a fixed exterior slat shading system is non trivial. An optimum slat angle was identified for the considered cases. Material properties (e.g., solar and visible reflectance) did not affect energy use if constant electric lighting was assumed, but they did have a significant influence on energy use intensity (EUI) when daylighting controls were assumed. Energy use increased substantially when an additional interior shade was used for glare control. VL - 112 U2 - LBNL-1005092 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.009 ER - TY - ABST T1 - BSDFViewer: A utility for interactive exploration of BSDF datasets Y1 - 2013/09// A1 - Andrew McNeil AB - BSDFViewer is a utility for interactive exploration of BSDF datasets. With BSDF view you can load a BSDF xml file and view the outgoing distribution for user-selectable incident directions. You can look at transmission or reflection for front or back. UR - http://www.radiance-online.org/download-install/bsdf-viewer ER - TY - RPRT T1 - On the benefits of a variable-resolution bidirectional scattering distribution data format Y1 - 2012/09// SP - 5 A1 - Andrew McNeil A1 - Eleanor S. Lee AB - This summary report adds context to the recent development of a new format for variable-resolution bi-directional scattering data. Specifically we discuss why a high resolution BSDF format is needed, the advantages of a variable resolution data format, and the new capabilities that stem from this development. ER - TY - THES T1 - Balancing comfort: occupants' control of window blinds in private offices T2 - Architecture Y1 - 2005/ SP - 281 A1 - Vorapat Inkarojrit AB - The goal of this study was to develop predictive models of window blind control that could be used as a function in energy simulation programs and provide the basis for the development of future automated shading systems. Toward this goal, a two-part study, consisting of a window blind usage survey and a field study, was conducted in Berkeley, California, USA, during a period spanning from the vernal equinox to window solstice. A total of one hundred and thirteen office building occupants participated in the survey. Twenty-five occupants participated in the field study, in which measurements of physical environmental conditions were cross-linked to the participants’ assessment of visual and thermal comfort sensations. Results from the survey showed that the primary window blind closing reason was to reduce glare from sunlight and bright windows. For the field study, a total of thirteen predictive window blind control logistic models were derived using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) technique. JF - Architecture PB - University of California, Berkeley CY - Berkeley UR - http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rd2f2bg ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bi-Directional Transmission Properties of Venetian Blinds: Experimental Assessment Compared to Ray-Tracing Calculations JF - Solar Energy Y1 - 2005/ SP - 187 EP - 198 A1 - Marilyn Andersen A1 - Michael D. Rubin A1 - Rebecca Powles A1 - Jean-Louis Scartezzini AB - An accurate evaluation of daylight distribution through advanced fenestration systems (complex glazing, solar shading systems) requires the knowledge of their Bidirectional light Transmission (Reflection) Distribution Function BT(R)DF. An innovative equipment for the experimental assessment of these bi-directional functions has been developed, based on a digital imaging detection system. An extensive set of BTDF measurements was performed with this goniophotometer on Venetian blinds presenting curved slats with a mirror coating on the upper side. In this paper, the measured data are compared with ray-tracing results achieved with a virtual copy of the device, that was constructed with a commercial ray-tracing software. The model of the blind was created by implementing the measured reflection properties of the slats coatings in the ray-tracing calculations. These comparisons represent an original and objective validation methodology for detailed bi-directional properties for a complex system; the good agreement between the two methods, yet presenting very different parameters and assessment methodologies, places reliance both on the digital-imaging detection system and calibration, and on the potentiality of a flexible calculation method combining ray-tracing simulations with simple components measurements. VL - 78 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-58818 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bias and Self-Bias of Magnetic Macroparticle Filters for Cathodic Arc Plasmas JF - Journal of Applied Physics Y1 - 2002/ SP - 8890 EP - 8897 A1 - Eungsun Byon A1 - André Anders AB - Curved magnetic filters are often used for the removal of macroparticles from cathodic arc plasmas. This study addresses the need to further reduce losses and improving plasma throughput. The central figure of merit is the system coefficient κ defined as a filtered ion current normalized by the plasma-producing arc current. The coefficient κ is investigated as a function of continuous and pulsed magnetic field operation, magnetic field strength, external electric bias, and arc amplitude. It increases with positive filter bias but saturates at about 15 V for relatively low magnetic field (~10 mT), whereas stronger magnetic fields lead to higher κ with saturation at about 25 V. Further increase of positive bias reduces κ. These findings are true for both pulsed and continuous filters. Bias of pulsed filters has been realized using the voltage drop across a self-bias resistor, eliminating the need for a separate bias circuit. Almost 100 A of filtered copper ions have been obtained in pulsed mode, corresponding to κ ≈ 0.04. The results are interpreted by a simplified potential trough model. VL - 93 U1 -

Windows and Daylighting Group

U2 - LBNL-51790 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Building Design Advisor: Automated Integration of Multiple Simulation Tools JF - Automation in Construction Y1 - 1997/08// SP - 341 EP - 352 A1 - Konstantinos M. Papamichael A1 - John LaPorta A1 - Hannah L. Chauvet AB - The Building Design Advisor (BDA) is a software environment that supports the integrated use of multiple analysis and visualization tools throughout the building design process, from the initial, conceptual and schematic phases to the detailed specification of building components and systems. Based on a comprehensive design theory, the BDA uses an object-oriented representation of the building and its context, and acts as a data manager and process controller to allow building designers to benefit from the capabilities of multiple tools.The BDA provides a graphical user interface that consists of two main elements: the Building Browser and the Decision Desktop. The Browser allows building designers to quickly navigate through the multitude of descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. Through the Browser the user can edit the values of input parameters and select any number of input and/or output parameters for display in the Decision Desktop. The Desktop allows building designers to compare multiple design alternatives with respect to multiple descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the tools linked to the BDA.The BDA is implemented as a Windows®-based application for personal computers. Its initial version is linked to a Schematic Graphic Editor (SGE), which allows designers to quickly and easily specify the geometric characteristics of building components and systems. For every object created in the SGE, the BDA activates a Default Value Selector (DVS) mechanism that selects "smart" default values from a Prototypes Database for all non-geometric parameters required as input to the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. In addition to the SGE that is an integral part of its user interface, the initial version of the BDA is linked to a daylight analysis tool, an energy analysis tool, and a multimedia, Web-based Case Studies Database (CSD). The next version of the BDA will be linked to additional analysis tools, such as the DOE-2 (thermal, energy and energy cost) and RADIANCE (day/lighting and rendering) computer programs. Plans for the future include the development of links to cost estimating and environmental impact modules, building rating systems, CAD software and electronic product catalogs. PB - Elsevier VL - 6 IS - 4 U2 - LBNL-40591 U3 -

479901

U5 -

Life-Cycle Tools

DO - 10.1016/S0926-5805(97)00043-5 ER - TY - CONF T1 - The Building Design Advisor T2 - ACADIA 1996 Conference Y1 - 1996/03// A1 - Konstantinos M. Papamichael A1 - John LaPorta A1 - Hannah L. Chauvet A1 - Deirdre Collins A1 - Thomas Trzcinski A1 - Jack A. Thorpe A1 - Stephen E. Selkowitz AB - The Building Design Advisor (BDA) is a software environment that supports the integrated use of multiple analysis and visualization tools throughout the building design process, from the initial, schematic design phases to the detailed specification of building components and systems. Based on a comprehensive design theory, the BDA uses an object-oriented representation of the building and its context, and acts as a data manager and process controller to allow building designers to benefit from the capabilities of multiple tools. The BDA provides a graphical user interface that consists of two main elements: the Building Browser and the Decision Desktop. The Browser allows building designers to quickly navigate through the multitude of descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. Through the Browser the user can edit the values of input parameters and select any number of input and/or output parameters for display in the Decision Desktop. The Desktop allows building designers to compare multiple design alternatives with respect to any number of parameters addressed by the tools linked to the BDA. The BDA is implemented as a Windows™-based application for personal computers. Its initial version is linked to a Schematic Graphic Editor (SGE), which allows designers to quickly and easily specify the geometric characteristics of building components and systems. For every object created in the SGE, the BDA supplies モsmartヤ default values from a Prototypical Values Database (PVD) for all non-geometric parameters required as input to the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. In addition to the SGE and the PVD, the initial version of the BDA is linked to a daylight analysis tool, an energy analysis tool, and a multimedia Case Studies Database (CSD). The next version of the BDA will be linked to additional tools, such as a photo-accurate rendering program and a cost analysis program. Future versions will address the whole building life-cycle and will be linked to construction, commissioning and building monitoring tools. JF - ACADIA 1996 Conference CY - Tucson, AZ U2 - LBL-38584 U3 -

827301

U4 -

October 31 - November 1, 1996

U5 -

Life-Cycle Tools

ER -