%0 Report %D 2013 %T The Five-Phase Method for Simulating Complex Fenestration with Radiance %A Andrew McNeil %X

The "five-phase method" is an extension of the three-phase method that more closely follows the standard daylight coefficient model for dynamic daylight simulations proposed by Bourgeois et al (2008). More specifically, the five-phase method handles the direct solar component separately from the sky and interreflected solar component to achieve better accuracy of the distribution of direct solar light in a room for complex glazing systems (CFS).

%8 09/2013 %0 Journal Article %J Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells %D 2012 %T Fenestration of Today and Tomorrow: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities %A Bjørn Petter Jelle %A Andrew Hynd %A Arlid Gustavsen %A Dariush K. Arasteh %A Howdy Goudey %A Robert Hart %K Fenestration %K Low-e %K Multilayer glazing %K Smart window %K Solar cell glazing %K Vacuum glazing %X

Fenestration of today is continuously being developed into the fenestration of tomorrow, hence offering a steadily increase of daylight and solar energy utilization and control, and at the same time providing a necessary climate screen with a satisfactory thermal comfort. Within this work a state of the art market review of the best performing fenestration products has been carried out, along with an overview of possible future research opportunities for the fenestration industry. The focus of the market review was low thermal transmittance (U-value). The lowest centre of glass Ug-values found was 0.28 W/(m2K) and 0.30 W/(m2K), which was from a suspended coating glazing product and an aerogel glazing product, respectively. However, the majority of high performance products found were triple glazed. The lowest frame U-value was 0.61 W/(m2K). Vacuum glazing, smart windows, solar cell glazing, window frames, self cleaning glazing, low-emissivity coatings and spacers were also reviewed, thus also representing possibilities for controlling and harvesting the solar radiation energy. Currently, vacuum glazing, new spacer materials and solutions, electrochromic windows and aerogel glazing seem to have the largest potential for improving the thermal performance and daylight and solar properties in fenestration products. Aerogel glazing has the lowest potential U-values, ~ 0.1 W/(m2K), but requires further work to improve the visible transmittance. Electrochromic vaccum glazing and evacuated aerogel glazing are two vacuum related solutions which have a large potential. There may also be opportunities for completely new material innovations which could revolutionize the fenestration industry.

%B Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells %V 96 %P 1-28 %8 01/2012 %G eng %1

Windows and Daylighting Group

%2 LBNL-5304E %& 1 %R 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.010 %0 Journal Article %J ASHRAE Transactions %D 2009 %T Field Measurements of Innovative Indoor Shading Systems in a Full-Scale Office Testbed %A Eleanor S. Lee %A Dennis L. DiBartolomeo %A Joseph H. Klems %A Robert D. Clear %A Kyle S. Konis %A Mehry Yazdanian %A Byoung-Chul Park %X

The development of spectrally selective low-e glass with its superior solar control and high daylight admission has led to widespread use of large-area, "transparent" or visually clear glass windows in commercial building facades. This type of façade can provide significant inherent daylighting potential (ability to offset lighting energy use) and move us closer to the goal of achieving zero energy buildings, if not for the unmitigated glare that results from the unshaded glazing. Conventional shading systems result in a significant loss of daylight and view. Can innovative shading solutions successfully balance the tradeoffs between daylight, solar heat gains, discomfort glare, and view?

To investigate this issue, a six-month solstice-to-solstice field study was conducted in a sunny climate to measure the thermal and daylighting performance of a south-facing, full- scale, office testbed with large-area windows and a variety of innovative indoor shading systems. Indoor shading systems included manually-operated and automated roller shades, Venetian blinds, daylight-redirecting blinds, and a static translucent diffusing panel placed inboard of the window glazing. These innovative systems were compared to a reference shade lowered to block direct sun.

With continuous dimming controls, all shading systems yielded lighting energy savings between 43-69% compared to a non-dimming case, but only the automated systems were able to meet visual comfort criteria throughout the entire monitored period. Cooling loads due to solar and thermal loads from the window were increased by 2-10% while peak cooling loads were decreased by up to 14%. The results from this experiment illustrate that some indoor shading systems can preserve daylight potential while meeting comfort requirements. Trends will differ significantly depending on application.

%B ASHRAE Transactions %V 115 %P 706-728 %8 10/2009 %N 2 %& 706 %0 Journal Article %J Applied Surface Science %D 2008 %T Functionalization of Hydrogen-free Diamond-like Carbon Films using Open-air Dielectric Barrier Discharge Atmospheric Plasma Treatments %A Jose L. Endrino %A Jose F. Marco %A Phitsanu Poolcharuansin %A Ayalasomayajula R. Phani %A Matthew Allen %A José M. Albella %A André Anders %K Cell viability %K DLC %K Ion implantation and deposition %K wettability %K XPS %X

A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technique has been employed to produce uniform atmospheric plasmas of He and N2 gas mixtures in open air in order to functionalize the surface of filtered-arc deposited hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. XPS measurements were carried out on both untreated and He/N2 DBD plasma-treated DLC surfaces. Chemical states of the C 1s and N 1s peaks were collected and used to characterize the surface bonds. Contact angle measurements were also used to record the short- and long-term variations in wettability of treated and untreated DLC. In addition, cell viability tests were performed to determine the influence of various He/N2 atmospheric plasma treatments on the attachment of osteoblast MC3T3 cells. Current evidence shows the feasibility of atmospheric plasmas in producing long-lasting variations in the surface bonding and surface energy of hydrogen-free DLC and consequently the potential for this technique in the functionalization of DLC-coated devices.

%B Applied Surface Science %C Boulder, CO %V 254 %8 08/2008 %G eng %N 17 %1

Windows and Daylighting Group

%2 LBNL-265E %& 5323 %R 10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.02.065 %0 Conference Paper %B Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings X International Conference %D 2007 %T Field Evaluation of Low-E Storm Windows %A S. Craig Drumheller %A Christian Kohler %A Stefanie Minen %X

A field evaluation comparing the performance of low emittance (low-e) storm windows with both standard clear storm windows and no storm windows was performed in a cold climate. Six homes with single pane windows were monitored over the period of one heating season. The homes were monitored with no storm windows and with new storm windows. The storm windows installed on four of the six homes included a hard coat, pyrolitic, low-e coating while the storm windows for the other two homes had traditional clear glass. Overall heating load reduction due to the storm windows was 13% with the clear glass and 21% with the low-e windows. Simple paybacks for the addition of the storm windows were 10 years for the clear glass and 4.5 years for the low-e storm windows.

%B Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings X International Conference %C Clearwater Beach, FL %V 277 %P 228-236 %8 12/2007 %G eng %1

Windows and Daylighting Group

%2 LBNL-1940E %0 Journal Article %J Review of Scientific Instruments %D 2006 %T Filtered cathodic arc deposition with ion-species-selective bias %A André Anders %A Nitisak Pasaja %A Sakon Sansongsiri %A Sunnie H.N. Lim %X

A dual-cathode arc plasma source was combined with a computer-controlled bias amplifier such as to synchronize substrate bias with the pulsed production of plasma. In this way, bias can be applied in a material-selective way. The principle has been applied to the synthesis metal-doped diamond-like carbon films, where the bias was applied and adjusted when the carbon plasma was condensing, and the substrate was at ground when the metal was incorporated. In doing so, excessive sputtering by too-energetic metal ions can be avoided while the sp3/sp2 ratio can be adjusted. It is shown that the resistivity of the film can be tuned by this species-selective bias. The principle can be extended to multiple-material plasma sources and complex materials.

%B Review of Scientific Instruments %G eng %L LBNL-61733 %1

Windows and Daylighting Group

%2 LBNL-61733 %0 Report %D 2004 %T A First-Generation Prototype Dynamic Residential Window %A Christian Kohler %A Howdy Goudey %A Dariush K. Arasteh %X

We present the concept for a "smart" highly efficient dynamic window that maximizes solar heat gain during the heating season and minimizes solar heat gain during the cooling season in residential buildings. We describe a prototype dynamic window that relies on an internal shade, which deploys automatically in response to solar radiation and temperature. This prototype was built at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory from commercially available "off-the-shelf" components. It is a stand-alone, standard-size product, so it can be easily installed in place of standard window products. Our design shows promise for near-term commercialization. Improving thermal performance of this prototype by incorporating commercially available highly efficient glazing technologies could result in the first window that could be suitable for use in zero-energy homes. The units predictable deployment of shading could help capture energy savings that are not possible with manual shading. Installation of dynamically shaded windows in the field will allow researchers to better quantify the energy effects of shades, which could lead to increased efficiency in the sizing of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment for residences.

%P 11 %8 10/2004 %G eng %L LBNL-56075 %1

Windows and Daylighting Group

%2 LBNL-56075 %0 Journal Article %J Surface and Coatings Technology %D 2003 %T Fundamentals of Pulsed Plasmas for Materials Processing %A André Anders %X

Pulsed plasmas offer the use of much higher power (during each pulse) compared to continuously operated plasmas, and additional new parameters appear such as pulse duty cycle. Pulsed processing may help meeting the demands of increasingly sophisticated materials processes, including thin film deposition, plasma etching, plasma cleaning of surfaces, and plasma immersion ion implantation. The high kinetic energy of ions allows processes to occur far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Pulsed plasmas are driven by external pulsed power sources, and one has to consider the power source and the plasma as a coupled system. The dynamic plasma impedance is a key quantity from an electrical engineering point of view. From a plasma physics point of view, one needs to consider the dynamics of plasma species, their density and energy distribution, ionization and recombination reactions, and, most importantly, the development of transient sheaths. Dimensionless scaling parameters are a useful tool putting the variety of plasma parameters in relation to characteristic quantities. This is illustrated by several examples of pulsed processes relevant to thin film deposition. The emerging technology of pulsed sputtering is discussed in detail including the possibility to achieve the mode of self-sustained self-sputtering during each pulse.

%B Surface and Coatings Technology %V 183 %P 301-311 %G eng %L LBNL-51683 %1

Windows and Daylighting Group

%2 LBNL-51683 %0 Conference Paper %B ASHRAE Transactions %D 2002 %T Future Advanced Windows for Zero-Energy Homes %A Joshua S. Apte %A Dariush K. Arasteh %A Yu Joe Huang %X

Over the past 15 years, low-emissivity and other technological improvements have significantly improved the energy efficiency of windows sold in the United States. However, as interest increases in the concept of zero-energy homes—buildings that do not consume any nonrenewable or net energy from the utility grid—even today's highest-performance window products will not be sufficient. This simulation study compares today's typical residential windows, today's most efficient residential windows, and several options for advanced window technologies, including products with improved fixed or static properties and products with dynamic solar heat gain properties. Nine representative window products are examined in eight representative U.S. climates. Annual energy and peak demand impacts are investigated. We conclude that a new generation of window products is necessary for zero-energy homes if windows are not to be an energy drain on these homes. Windows with dynamic solar heat gain properties are found to offer significant potential in reducing energy use and peak demands in northern and central climates, while windows with very low (static) solar heat gain properties offer the most potential in southern climates.

%B ASHRAE Transactions %C Kansas City, MO %V 109, pt 2 %P 871-888 %8 06/2003 %G eng %L LBNL-51913 %1

Windows and Daylighting Group

%2 LBNL-51913 %0 Conference Paper %B International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films, April 24-28, 1995 %D 1995 %T Formation of Metal Oxides by Cathodic Arc Deposition %A Simone Anders %A André Anders %A Michael D. Rubin %A Zhien Wang %A Sebastien Raoux %A Fanping Kong %A Ian G. Brown %K Cathodic arc deposition %K Oxide formation %X

Metal oxide thin films are of interest for a number of applications. Cathodic arc deposition, which is an established and industrially applied technique for the formation of nitrides (e.g. TIN), can also be used for metal oxide thin film formation. A cathodic arc plasma source with the desired cathode material is operated in an oxygen atmosphere of appropriate pressure, and metal oxides of various stoichiometric composition can be formed on different substrates. We report here on a series of experiments on metal oxide formation by cathodic arc deposition for different applications. Black copper oxide has been deposited on accelerator components to increase the radiative heat transfer between the parts. Various metal oxides such as tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, nickel oxide and vanadium oxide have been deposited on ITO glass to form electrochromic films for window applications. Tantalum oxide films are of interest for replacing polymer electrolytes. Optical waveguide structures can be formed by refractive index variation using oxide multilayers. We have synthesized multilayers of Al2O3/Y2O3/Al2O3/Si as possible basic structures for passive optoelectronic integrated circuits, and Al2-xErxO3 thin films with a variable Er concentration which is a potential component layer for the production of active optoelectronic integrated devices such as amplifiers or lasers at a wavelength of 1.53 pm. Aluminum and chromium oxide films have been deposited on a number of substrates to impart improved corrosion resistance at high temperature. Titanium sub-oxides which are electrically conductive and corrosion resistant and stable in a number of aggressive environments have been deposited on various substrates. These sub-oxides are of great interest for use in electrochemical cells. Common features of all these depositions are the high deposition rate typical for cathodic arc deposition, the good adhesion of the films due to the high metal ion energy, and the advantage of an environmentally clean method in comparison to wet-chemical oxide formation techniques.

%B International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films, April 24-28, 1995 %C San Diego, CA %8 04/1995 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)02508-1 %1

Windows and Daylighting Group

%2 LBL-36166 %0 Conference Paper %D 1994 %T Fundamental Materials-Issues Involved in the Growth of GaN by Molecular Beam Epitaxy %A Nathan Newman %A T.C. Fu %A Z. Liu %A Zuzanna Liliental-Weber %A Michael D. Rubin %A James S. Chan %A Erin C. Jones %A Jennifer T. Ross %A Ian M. Tidswell %A Kin Man Yu %A Nathan W. Cheung %A Eicke R. Weber %X

Gallium nitride is one of the most promising materials for ultraviolet and blue light-emitting diodes and lasers. Both Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) have recently made strong progress in fabricating high-quality epitaxial GaN thin films. In this paper, we review materials-related issues involved in MBE growth. We show that a strong understanding of the unique meta-stable growth process allows us to correctly predict the optimum conditions for epitaxial GaN growth. The resulting structural, electronic and optical properties of the GaN films are described in detail.

%G eng %L LBL-37296 %2 LBL-37296